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1 Adelaide Institute for Sleep Health, Repatriation General Hospital, Daw Park, South Australia 5041; 2 Department of Physiology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005; and 3 School of Medicine, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)
is more common in men than in women for reasons that are unclear. The
stability of the respiratory controller has been proposed to be
important in OSA pathogenesis and may be involved in the gender
difference in prevalence. Repetitive hypoxia elicits a progressive rise
in ventilation in animals [long-term facilitation (LTF)]. There is
uncertainty whether LTF occurs in humans, but if present it may
stabilize respiration and possibly also the upper airway. This study
was conducted to determine 1) whether LTF exists during
wakefulness in healthy human subjects and, if so, whether it is more
pronounced in women than men and 2) whether inspiratory pump
and upper airway dilator muscle activities are affected differently by
repetitive hypoxia. Twelve healthy young men and ten women in the
luteal menstrual phase were fitted with a nasal mask and intramuscular
genioglossal EMG (EMGgg) recording electrodes. After 5 min of rest,
subjects were exposed to ten 2-min isocapnic hypoxic periods (~9%
O2 in N2, arterial O2 saturation ~80%) separated by 2 min of room air. Inspired minute ventilation (
I) and peak inspiratory EMGgg activity were
averaged over 30-s intervals, and respiratory data were compared
between genders during and after repetitive hypoxia by using ANOVA for
repeated measures. I during recovery
from repetitive hypoxia was not different from the resting level and
not different between genders. There was no facilitation of EMGgg
activity during or after repetitive hypoxia. EMGgg activity was reduced
below baseline during recovery from repetitive hypoxia in women. In
conclusion, we have found no evidence of LTF of ventilation or upper
airway dilator muscle activity in healthy subjects during wakefulness.
gender; genioglossus muscle; obstructive sleep apnea
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