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J Appl Physiol 93: 667-674, 2002. First published April 26, 2002; doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00050.2002
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Vol. 93, Issue 2, 667-674, August 2002

Sound transmission in the lung as a function of lung volume

T. Bergstresser1, D. Ofengeim2, A. Vyshedskiy2, J. Shane1, and R. Murphy2

1 University of Massachusetts, and 2 Faulkner Hospital, Boston, Massachussetts 02130

We were interested in how the transmission of sound through the lung was affected by varying air content in intact humans as a method of monitoring tissue properties noninvasively. To study this, we developed a method of measuring transthoracic sound transit time accurately. We introduced a "coded" sound at the mouth and measured the transit time at multiple microphones placed over the chest wall by using a 16-channel lung sound analyzer (Stethographics). We used a microphone placed over the neck near the trachea as our reference and utilized cross-correlation analysis to calculate the transit times. The use of the coded sound, composed of a mix of frequencies from 130 to 150 Hz, greatly reduced the ambiguity of the cross-correlation function. The measured transit time varied from 1 ms at the central locations to 5 ms at the lung bases. Our results also indicated that transit time at all locations decreased with increasing lung volume. We found that these results can be described in terms of a model in which sound transmission through the lung is treated as a combination of free-space propagation through the trachea and a propagation through a two-phase system in the parenchyma.

sound recording; lung sound; speed of sound; sound speed


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