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Departments of 1 Physical Therapy and 3 Radiology and the 2 Moss Heart Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75390-8876; and 4 Department of Integrative Physiology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas 76107; and 5 Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
The purpose
was to compare patterns of brain activation during imagined handgrip
exercise and identify cerebral cortical structures participating in
"central" cardiovascular regulation. Subjects screened for
hypnotizability, five with higher (HH) and four with lower
hypnotizability (LH) scores, were tested under two conditions involving
3 min of 1) static handgrip exercise (HG) at 30% of maximal
voluntary contraction (MVC) and 2) imagined HG (I-HG) at
30% MVC. Force (kg), forearm integrated electromyography, rating of
perceived exertion, heart rate (HR), mean blood pressure (MBP), and
differences in regional cerebral blood flow distributions were compared
using an ANOVA. During HG, both groups showed similar increases in HR
(+13 ± 5 beats/min) and MBP (+17 ± 3 mmHg) after 3 min.
However, during I-HG, only the HH group showed increases in HR
(+10 ± 2 beats/min; P < 0.05) and MBP (+12 ± 2 mmHg; P < 0.05). There were no significant
increases or differences in force or integrated electromyographic
activity between groups during I-HG. The rating of perceived exertion
was significantly increased for the HH group during I-HG, but not for
the LH group. In comparison of regional cerebral blood flow, the LH
showed significantly lower activity in the anterior cingulate (
6 ± 2%) and insular cortexes (9 ± 4%) during I-HG. These
findings suggest that cardiovascular responses elicited during imagined
exercise involve central activation of insular and anterior cingulate
cortexes, independent of muscle afferent feedback; these structures
appear to have key roles in the central modulation of cardiovascular responses.
human; imagery; single-photon-emission computed tomography; magnetic resonance imaging; autonomic nervous system
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