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1 Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130; and 2 Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655
10.1152/japplphysiol.00836.2001.
Many daily biological rhythms are
governed by an innate timekeeping mechanism or clock. Endogenous, temperature-compensated circadian clocks have been localized to discrete sites within the nervous systems of a number of organisms. In
mammals, the master circadian pacemaker is the bilaterally paired
suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the anterior hypothalamus. The SCN is
composed of multiple single cell oscillators that must synchronize to
each other and the environmental light schedule. Other tissues,
including those outside the nervous system, have also been shown to
express autonomous circadian periodicities. This review examines
1) how intracellular regulatory molecules function in the
oscillatory mechanism and in its entrainment to environmental cycles;
2) how individual SCN cells interact to create an integrated
tissue pacemaker with coherent metabolic, electrical, and secretory
rhythms; and 3) how such clock outputs are converted into
temporal programs for the whole organism.
suprachiasmatic nucleus; period; oscillator; pacemaker; photoperiod
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