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J Appl Physiol (August 20, 2009). doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.91322.2008
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Submitted on October 2, 2008
Revised on July 30, 2009
Accepted on August 20, 2009

Dynamic Correction for Parallel Conductance, GP, and Gain Factor, {alpha}, in Invasive Murine Left Ventricular Volume Measurements

John E. Porterfield1, Anil T.G. Kottam1, Karthik Raghavan1, Daniel Escobedo2, James T. Jenkins3, Erik R. Larson4, Rodolfo Javier Trevino5, Jonathan W. Valvano1, John A. Pearce1, and Marc D. Feldman3*

1 The University of Texas at Austin
2 University of Texas Health Science Center in San Antonio
3 University of Texas HSC
4 University of Texas at Austin
5 University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio

* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: feldmanm{at}uthscsa.edu.

The conductance catheter technique could be improved by determining instantaneous parallel conductance (GP) which is known to be time-varying, and by including a time-varying calibration factor in Baan's equation ({alpha}(t)). We have recently proposed solutions to the problems of both time-varying GP and time-varying {alpha}, which we term "admittance" and "Wei's equation", respectively. We validate both our solutions in mice, compared to the currently accepted methods, hypertonic saline (HS) to determine GP and Baan's equation calibrated with both stroke volume (SV) and cuvette. We performed simultaneous echocardiography in closed chest mice (n=8) as a reference for left ventricular (LV) volume, and demonstrate that an off-center position for the miniaturized Pressure-Volume (PV) catheter in the LV generates end-systolic and diastolic volumes calculated by admittance with less error (p<0.03) (-2.49±15.33µl error) compared to those same parameters calculated by SV calibrated conductance (35.89±73.22µl error), and by cuvette calibrated conductance (7.53±16.23 µl ES and -29.10 ± 31.53µl ED error). To utilize the admittance approach, myocardial permittivity ({varepsilon}m) and conductivity ({sigma}m) were calculated in additional mice (n=7) and those results are used in this calculation. In aortic banded mice (n=4) increased myocardial permittivity was measured (6364±5777 control, 14511±7458 banded, p<0.05), demonstrating that muscle properties vary with disease state. Increased inotropy in response to iv dobutamine was detected with greater sensitivity with the admittance technique compared to traditional conductance (4.9±1.4 to 12.5±6.6mmHg.µl-1 Wei's equation (p<0.05), 3.3±1.2 to 8.8±5.1mmHg.µl-1 using Baan's equation (p=NS). New theory and method for instantaneous GP removal, as well as application of Wei's equation, are presented and validated in vivo in mice. We conclude that for closed-chest mice, admittance (dynamic GP) and Wei's equation (dynamic{alpha}) provide more accurate volumes than traditional conductance, are more sensitive to inotropic changes, eliminate the need for hypertonic saline, and can be accurately extended to aortic banded mice.




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