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Department of Pathology, Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-0019
cGMP is a second messenger that produces its effects by interacting with intracellular receptor proteins. In smooth muscle cells, one of the major receptors for cGMP is the serine/threonine protein kinase, cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG). PKG has been shown to catalyze the phosphorylation of a number of physiologically relevant proteins whose function it is to regulate the contractile activity of the smooth muscle cell. These include proteins that regulate free intracellular calcium levels, the cytoskeleton, and the phosphorylation state of the regulatory light chain of smooth muscle myosin. Other studies have shown that vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) that are cultured in vitro may cease to express PKG and will, coincidentally, acquire a noncontractile, synthetic phenotype. The restoration of PKG expression to the synthetic phenotype VSMC results in the cells acquiring a more contractile phenotype. These more recent studies suggest that PKG controls VSMC gene expression that, in turn, regulates phenotypic modulation of the cells. Therefore, the regulation of PKG gene expression appears to be linked to phenotypic modulation of VSMC. Because several vascular disorders are related to the accumulation of synthetic, fibroproliferative VSMC in the vessel wall, it is likely that changes in the activity of the nitric oxide/cGMP/PKG pathway is involved the development of these diseases.
vascular smooth muscle cells; nitric oxide
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R. B. Pilz and D. E. Casteel Regulation of Gene Expression by Cyclic GMP Circ. Res., November 28, 2003; 93(11): 1034 - 1046. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 U. Hink, M. Oelze, P. Kolb, M. Bachschmid, M.-H. Zou, A. Daiber, H. Mollnau, M. August, S. Baldus, N. Tsilimingas, et al. Role for peroxynitrite in the inhibition of prostacyclin synthase in nitrate tolerance J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., November 19, 2003; 42(10): 1826 - 1834. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. Feil, S. M. Lohmann, H. de Jonge, U. Walter, and F. Hofmann Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinases and the Cardiovascular System: Insights From Genetically Modified Mice Circ. Res., November 14, 2003; 93(10): 907 - 916. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 W. Wolfsgruber, S. Feil, S. Brummer, O. Kuppinger, F. Hofmann, and R. Feil A proatherogenic role for cGMP-dependent protein kinase in vascular smooth muscle cells PNAS, November 11, 2003; 100(23): 13519 - 13524. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Munzel, R. Feil, A. Mulsch, S. M. Lohmann, F. Hofmann, and U. Walter Physiology and Pathophysiology of Vascular Signaling Controlled by Cyclic Guanosine 3',5'-Cyclic Monophosphate-Dependent Protein Kinase Circulation, November 4, 2003; 108(18): 2172 - 2183. [Full Text] [PDF]
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V. Gerzanich, A. Ivanov, S. Ivanova, J. B. Yang, H. Zhou, Y. Dong, and J. M. Simard Alternative Splicing of cGMP-Dependent Protein Kinase I in Angiotensin-Hypertension: Novel Mechanism for Nitrate Tolerance in Vascular Smooth Muscle Circ. Res., October 31, 2003; 93(9): 805 - 812. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. L. Kleschyov, M. Oelze, A. Daiber, Y. Huang, H. Mollnau, E. Schulz, K. Sydow, B. Fichtlscherer, A. Mulsch, and T. Munzel Does Nitric Oxide Mediate the Vasodilator Activity of Nitroglycerin? Circ. Res., October 31, 2003; 93 (9): e104 - e112. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. Airhart, Y.-F. Yang, C. T. Roberts Jr., and M. Silberbach Atrial Natriuretic Peptide Induces Natriuretic Peptide Receptor-cGMP-dependent Protein Kinase Interaction J. Biol. Chem., October 3, 2003; 278(40): 38693 - 38698. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. G. Geary and J. N. Buchholz Selected Contribution: Effects of aging on cerebrovascular tone and [Ca2+]i J Appl Physiol, October 1, 2003; 95(4): 1746 - 1754. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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F. J. Rivero-Vilches, S De Frutos, M Saura, D Rodriguez-Puyol, and M Rodriguez-Puyol Differential relaxing responses to particulate or soluble guanylyl cyclase activation on endothelial cells: a mechanism dependent on PKG-I{alpha} activation by NO/cGMP Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, October 1, 2003; 285(4): C891 - C898. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Y. Gao, S. Dhanakoti, E. M. Trevino, F. C. Sander, A. M. Portugal, and J. U. Raj Effect of oxygen on cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase-mediated relaxation in ovine fetal pulmonary arteries and veins Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, September 1, 2003; 285(3): L611 - L618. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 X. Wang, G. Trottier, and R. Loutzenhiser Determinants of renal afferent arteriolar actions of bradykinin: evidence that multiple pathways mediate responses attributed to EDHF Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, September 1, 2003; 285(3): F540 - F549. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. W. Park and L.-N. Wei Regulation of c-myc Gene by Nitric Oxide via Inactivating NF-{kappa}B Complex in P19 Mouse Embryonal Carcinoma Cells J. Biol. Chem., August 8, 2003; 278(32): 29776 - 29782. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. C. Resta Hypoxic regulation of nitric oxide signaling in vascular smooth muscle Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, August 1, 2003; 285(2): L293 - L295. [Full Text] [PDF]
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 S. Wang, X. Wu, T. M. Lincoln, and J. E. Murphy-Ullrich Expression of Constitutively Active cGMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Prevents Glucose Stimulation of Thrombospondin 1 Expression and TGF-{beta} Activity Diabetes, August 1, 2003; 52(8): 2144 - 2150. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. J. Mingone, S. A. Gupte, T. Iesaki, and M. S. Wolin Hypoxia enhances a cGMP-independent nitric oxide relaxing mechanism in pulmonary arteries Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, August 1, 2003; 285(2): L296 - L304. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 T. Matsumoto, L. V. d'uscio, D. Eguchi, M. Akiyama, L. A. Smith, and Z. S. Katusic Protective Effect of Chronic Vitamin C Treatment on Endothelial Function of Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mouse Carotid Artery J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., July 1, 2003; 306(1): 103 - 108. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. S. Murthy, H. Zhou, J. R. Grider, and G. M. Makhlouf Inhibition of sustained smooth muscle contraction by PKA and PKG preferentially mediated by phosphorylation of RhoA Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, June 1, 2003; 284(6): G1006 - G1016. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Y. Hou, J. Lascola, N. O. Dulin, R. D. Ye, and D. D. Browning Activation of cGMP-dependent Protein Kinase by Protein Kinase C J. Biol. Chem., May 2, 2003; 278(19): 16706 - 16712. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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V. Gerzanich, S. Ivanova, H. Zhou, and J. M. Simard Mislocalization of eNOS and Upregulation of Cerebral Vascular Ca2+ Channel Activity in Angiotensin-Hypertension Hypertension, May 1, 2003; 41(5): 1124 - 1130. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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V. Sauzeau, M. Rolli-Derkinderen, C. Marionneau, G. Loirand, and P. Pacaud RhoA Expression Is Controlled by Nitric Oxide through cGMP-dependent Protein Kinase Activation J. Biol. Chem., March 7, 2003; 278(11): 9472 - 9480. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. S. Murthy and H. Zhou Selective phosphorylation of the IP3R-I in vivo by cGMP-dependent protein kinase in smooth muscle Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, February 1, 2003; 284(2): G221 - G230. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. Adegunloye, E. Lamarre, and R. S. Moreland Quinine Inhibits Vascular Contraction Independent of Effects on Calcium or Myosin Phosphorylation J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., January 1, 2003; 304(1): 294 - 300. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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I. Fleming and R. Busse Molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, January 1, 2003; 284(1): R1 - R12. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. P. Bracamonte, M. Jayachandran, K. S. Rud, and V. M. Miller Acute effects of 17beta -estradiol on femoral veins from adult gonadally intact and ovariectomized female pigs Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, December 1, 2002; 283(6): H2389 - H2396. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. J Wilson and L. H Clapp The molecular site of action of KATP channel inhibitors determines their ability to inhibit iNOS-mediated relaxation in rat aorta Cardiovasc Res, October 1, 2002; 56(1): 154 - 163. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Gudi, J. C. Chen, D. E. Casteel, T. M. Seasholtz, G. R. Boss, and R. B. Pilz cGMP-dependent Protein Kinase Inhibits Serum-response Element-dependent Transcription by Inhibiting Rho Activation and Functions J. Biol. Chem., September 27, 2002; 277(40): 37382 - 37393. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L.-M. Postovit, M. A. Adams, G. E. Lash, J. P. Heaton, and C. H. Graham Oxygen-mediated Regulation of Tumor Cell Invasiveness. INVOLVEMENT OF A NITRIC OXIDE SIGNALING PATHWAY J. Biol. Chem., September 13, 2002; 277(38): 35730 - 35737. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. E. Casteel, S. Zhuang, T. Gudi, J. Tang, M. Vuica, S. Desiderio, and R. B. Pilz cGMP-dependent Protein Kinase Ibeta Physically and Functionally Interacts with the Transcriptional Regulator TFII-I J. Biol. Chem., August 23, 2002; 277(35): 32003 - 32014. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Wang, M. Eto, W. D. Steers, A. P. Somlyo, and A. V. Somlyo RhoA-mediated Ca2+ Sensitization in Erectile Function J. Biol. Chem., August 16, 2002; 277(34): 30614 - 30621. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. Feil, N. Gappa, M. Rutz, J. Schlossmann, C. R. Rose, A. Konnerth, S. Brummer, S. Kuhbandner, and F. Hofmann Functional Reconstitution of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells With cGMP-Dependent Protein Kinase I Isoforms Circ. Res., May 31, 2002; 90(10): 1080 - 1086. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Sellak, X. Yang, X. Cao, T. Cornwell, G. A. Soff, and T. Lincoln Sp1 Transcription Factor as a Molecular Target for Nitric Oxide- and Cyclic Nucleotide-Mediated Suppression of cGMP-Dependent Protein Kinase-I{alpha} Expression in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Circ. Res., March 8, 2002; 90(4): 405 - 412. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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