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1 Department of Biochemistry, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 27858; 2 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73190; and 3 Department of Zoology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602
Skeletal muscle GLUT-4 transcription in response to
treatment with
5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-
-D-ribofuranoside
(AICAR), a known activator of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), was studied in rats and mice. The increase in GLUT-4 mRNA levels in response to a single subcutaneous injection of AICAR, peaked at 13 h in white and red quadriceps muscles but not in the soleus muscle. The
mRNA level of chloramphenicol acyltransferase reporter gene which is
driven by 1,154 or 895 bp of the human GLUT-4 proximal promoter was
increased in AICAR-treated transgenic mice, demonstrating the
transcriptional upregulation of the GLUT-4 gene by AICAR. However, this
induction of transcription was not apparent with 730 bp of the
promoter. In addition, nuclear extracts from AICAR-treated mice bound
to the consensus sequence of myocyte enhancer factor-2 (from
473 to
464) to a greater extent than from saline-injected mice. Thus
AMP-activated protein kinase activation by AICAR increases GLUT-4
transcription by a mechanism that requires response elements within 895 bp of human GLUT-4 proximal promoter and that may be cooperatively
mediated by myocyte enhancer factor-2.
myocyte enhancer factor-2; GLUT-4 promoter; transgenic mice; muscle fiber type
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