| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|||||||||
1 Neuromuscular Research Center and Department of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä, 40351 Jyväskylä; 2 Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Oulu, 90220 Oulu, Finland; 3 The Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana 47306; 4 Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Central Hospital, 40620 Jyväskylä; 5 Department of Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, 40351 Jyväskylä; and 6 Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Kuopio University Hospital, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
Effects of strength training (ST) for 21 wk were examined in 10 older women (64 ± 3 yr). Electromyogram, maximal isometric force, one-repetition maximum strength, and rate of force development of the leg extensors, muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) of the quadriceps femoris (QF) and of vastus lateralis (VL), medialis (VM), intermedius (VI) and rectus femoris (RF) throughout the lengths of 3/12-12/15 (Lf) of the femur, muscle fiber proportion and areas of types I, IIa, and IIb of the VL were evaluated. Serum hormone concentrations of testosterone, growth hormone (GH), cortisol, and IGF-I were analyzed for the resting, preexercise, and postexercise conditions. After the 21-wk ST, maximal force increased by 37% (P < 0.001) and 1-RM by 29% (P < 0.001), accompanied by an increase (P < 0.01) in rate of force development. The integrated electromyograms of the vastus muscles increased (P < 0.05). The CSA of the total QF increased (P < 0.05) throughout the length of the femur by 5-9%. The increases were significant (P < 0.05) at 7/15-12/15 Lf for VL and at 3/15-8/15 Lf for VM, at 5/15-9/15 for VI and at 9/15 (P < 0.05) for RF. The fiber areas of type I (P < 0.05), IIa (P < 0.001), and IIb (P < 0.001) increased by 22-36%. No changes occurred during ST in serum basal concentrations of the hormones examined, but the level of testosterone correlated with the changes in the CSA of the QF (r = 0.64, P < 0.05). An acute increase of GH (P < 0.05), remaining elevated up to 30 min (P < 0.05) postloading, was observed only at posttraining. Both neural adaptations and the capacity of skeletal muscle to undergo training-induced hypertrophy even in older women explain the strength gains. The increases in the CSA of the QF occurred throughout its length but differed selectively between the individual muscles. The serum concentrations of hormones remained unaltered, but a low level of testosterone may be a limiting factor in training-induced muscle hypertrophy. The magnitude and time duration of the acute GH response may be important physiological indicators of anabolic adaptations during strength training even in older women.
aging; muscle; endocrine functions; resistance training; selective hypertrophy; electromyogram
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  S. E. Riechman, R. D. Andrews, D. A. MacLean, and S. Sheather AUTHORS' RESPONSE TO LAMBERT LETTER ON SATURATED FAT INGESTION J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., November 1, 2008; 63(11): 1260 - 1261. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. Holm, J. L. Olesen, K. Matsumoto, T. Doi, M. Mizuno, T. J. Alsted, A. L. Mackey, P. Schwarz, and M. Kjaer Protein-containing nutrient supplementation following strength training enhances the effect on muscle mass, strength, and bone formation in postmenopausal women J Appl Physiol, July 1, 2008; 105(1): 274 - 281. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. K. Petrella, J.-s. Kim, D. L. Mayhew, J. M. Cross, and M. M. Bamman Potent myofiber hypertrophy during resistance training in humans is associated with satellite cell-mediated myonuclear addition: a cluster analysis J Appl Physiol, June 1, 2008; 104(6): 1736 - 1742. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. R. Henwood, S. Riek, and D. R. Taaffe Strength Versus Muscle Power-Specific Resistance Training in Community-Dwelling Older Adults J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., January 1, 2008; 63(1): 83 - 91. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. J. Blazevich, D. Cannavan, D. R. Coleman, and S. Horne Influence of concentric and eccentric resistance training on architectural adaptation in human quadriceps muscles J Appl Physiol, November 1, 2007; 103(5): 1565 - 1575. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. J. Kosek, J.-s. Kim, J. K. Petrella, J. M. Cross, and M. M. Bamman Efficacy of 3 days/wk resistance training on myofiber hypertrophy and myogenic mechanisms in young vs. older adults J Appl Physiol, August 1, 2006; 101(2): 531 - 544. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. J. de Vos, N. A. Singh, D. A. Ross, T. M. Stavrinos, R. Orr, and M. A. Fiatarone Singh Optimal Load for Increasing Muscle Power During Explosive Resistance Training in Older Adults J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., May 1, 2005; 60(5): 638 - 647. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Vlahopoulos, W. E. Zimmer, G. Jenster, N. S. Belaguli, S. P. Balk, A. O. Brinkmann, R. B. Lanz, V. C. Zoumpourlis, and R. J. Schwartz Recruitment of the Androgen Receptor via Serum Response Factor Facilitates Expression of a Myogenic Gene J. Biol. Chem., March 4, 2005; 280(9): 7786 - 7792. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Suetta, P. Aagaard, A. Rosted, A. K. Jakobsen, B. Duus, M. Kjaer, and S. P. Magnusson Training-induced changes in muscle CSA, muscle strength, EMG, and rate of force development in elderly subjects after long-term unilateral disuse J Appl Physiol, November 1, 2004; 97(5): 1954 - 1961. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. K. Barry and R. G. Carson The Consequences of Resistance Training for Movement Control in Older Adults J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., July 1, 2004; 59(7): M730 - M754. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. S. Fairey, K. S. Courneya, C. J. Field, G. J. Bell, L. W. Jones, and J. R. Mackey Effects of Exercise Training on Fasting Insulin, Insulin Resistance, Insulin-like Growth Factors, and Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Proteins in Postmenopausal Breast Cancer Survivors: A Randomized Controlled Trial Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., August 1, 2003; 12(8): 721 - 727. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. H. C. M. Savelberg and K. Meijer Contribution of mono- and biarticular muscles to extending knee joint moments in runners and cyclists J Appl Physiol, June 1, 2003; 94(6): 2241 - 2248. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Figueroa, S. B. Going, L. A. Milliken, R. M. Blew, S. Sharp, P. J. Teixeira, and T. G. Lohman Effects of Exercise Training and Hormone Replacement Therapy on Lean and Fat Mass in Postmenopausal Women J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., March 1, 2003; 58(3): M266 - 270. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. M. Bamman, V. J. Hill, G. R. Adams, F. Haddad, C. J. Wetzstein, B. A. Gower, A. Ahmed, and G. R. Hunter Gender Differences in Resistance-Training-Induced Myofiber Hypertrophy Among Older Adults J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., February 1, 2003; 58(2): B108 - 116. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
| Visit Other APS Journals Online |
