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1 Department of Internal Medicine and 2 Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
Adult skeletal muscle has a remarkable ability to regenerate following myotrauma. Because adult myofibers are terminally differentiated, the regeneration of skeletal muscle is largely dependent on a small population of resident cells termed satellite cells. Although this population of cells was identified 40 years ago, little is known regarding the molecular phenotype or regulation of the satellite cell. The use of cell culture techniques and transgenic animal models has improved our understanding of this unique cell population; however, the capacity and potential of these cells remain ill-defined. This review will highlight the origin and unique markers of the satellite cell population, the regulation by growth factors, and the response to physiological and pathological stimuli. We conclude by highlighting the potential therapeutic uses of satellite cells and identifying future research goals for the study of satellite cell biology.
skeletal muscle; stem cells; regeneration; aging; transgenic models
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P. M. Siu, E. E. Pistilli, D. C. Butler, and S. E. Alway Aging influences cellular and molecular responses of apoptosis to skeletal muscle unloading Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, February 1, 2005; 288(2): C338 - C349. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. Lafuste, C. Sonnet, B. Chazaud, P. A. Dreyfus, R. K. Gherardi, U. M. Wewer, and F.-J. Authier ADAM12 and {alpha}9{beta}1 Integrin Are Instrumental in Human Myogenic Cell Differentiation Mol. Biol. Cell, February 1, 2005; 16(2): 861 - 870. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. Araya, D. Eckardt, S. Maxeiner, O. Kruger, M. Theis, K. Willecke, and J. C. Saez Expression of connexins during differentiation and regeneration of skeletal muscle: functional relevance of connexin43 J. Cell Sci., January 1, 2005; 118(1): 27 - 37. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. J. Burkin, G. Q. Wallace, D. J. Milner, E. J. Chaney, J. A. Mulligan, and S. J. Kaufman Transgenic Expression of {alpha}7{beta}1 Integrin Maintains Muscle Integrity, Increases Regenerative Capacity, Promotes Hypertrophy, and Reduces Cardiomyopathy in Dystrophic Mice Am. J. Pathol., January 1, 2005; 166(1): 253 - 263. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. Kawamura, K. Takano, S. Suetsugu, S. Kurisu, D. Yamazaki, H. Miki, T. Takenawa, and T. Endo N-WASP and WAVE2 Acting Downstream of Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Are Required for Myogenic Cell Migration Induced by Hepatocyte Growth Factor J. Biol. Chem., December 24, 2004; 279(52): 54862 - 54871. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Vassilakopoulos, C. Roussos, and S. Zakynthinos The immune response to resistive breathing Eur. Respir. J., December 1, 2004; 24(6): 1033 - 1043. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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I. A. Johnston, M. Abercromby, V. L. A. Vieira, R. J. Sigursteindottir, B. K. Kristjansson, D. Sibthorpe, and S. Skulason Rapid evolution of muscle fibre number in post-glacial populations of Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus J. Exp. Biol., December 1, 2004; 207(25): 4343 - 4360. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. P. Meeson, T. J. Hawke, S. Graham, N. Jiang, J. Elterman, K. Hutcheson, J. M. DiMaio, T. D. Gallardo, and D. J. Garry Cellular and Molecular Regulation of Skeletal Muscle Side Population Cells Stem Cells, December 1, 2004; 22(7): 1305 - 1320. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 S. Dasarathy, M. Dodig, S. M. Muc, S. C. Kalhan, and A. J. McCullough Skeletal muscle atrophy is associated with an increased expression of myostatin and impaired satellite cell function in the portacaval anastamosis rat Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, December 1, 2004; 287(6): G1124 - G1130. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. Shefer, M. Wleklinski-Lee, and Z. Yablonka-Reuveni Skeletal muscle satellite cells can spontaneously enter an alternative mesenchymal pathway J. Cell Sci., October 15, 2004; 117(22): 5393 - 5404. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. A. Washington, J. M. Reecy, R. W. Thompson, L. L. Lowe, J. M. McClung, and J. A. Carson Lactate dehydrogenase expression at the onset of altered loading in rat soleus muscle J Appl Physiol, October 1, 2004; 97(4): 1424 - 1430. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H.-J. Lee, W. Goring, M. Ochs, C. Muhlfeld, G. Steding, I. Paprotta, W. Engel, and I. M. Adham Sox15 Is Required for Skeletal Muscle Regeneration Mol. Cell. Biol., October 1, 2004; 24(19): 8428 - 8436. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. KUMAR, R. MURPHY, P. ROBINSON, L. WEI, and A. M. BORIEK Cyclic mechanical strain inhibits skeletal myogenesis through activation of focal adhesion kinase, Rac-1 GTPase, and NF-{kappa}B transcription factor FASEB J, October 1, 2004; 18(13): 1524 - 1535. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. Horackova, R. Arora, R. Chen, J. A. Armour, P. A. Cattini, R. Livingston, and Z. Byczko Cell transplantation for treatment of acute myocardial infarction: unique capacity for repair by skeletal muscle satellite cells Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, October 1, 2004; 287(4): H1599 - H1608. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D.D.W. Cornelison, S. A. Wilcox-Adelman, P. F. Goetinck, H. Rauvala, A. C. Rapraeger, and B. B. Olwin Essential and separable roles for Syndecan-3 and Syndecan-4 in skeletal muscle development and regeneration Genes & Dev., September 15, 2004; 18(18): 2231 - 2236. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 V. J. Caiozzo, Y. Z. Wu, M. J. Baker, and R. Crumley Effects of Denervation on Cell Cycle Control in Laryngeal Muscle Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, September 1, 2004; 130(9): 1056 - 1068. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 V. Sartorelli and M. Fulco Molecular and Cellular Determinants of Skeletal Muscle Atrophy and Hypertrophy Sci. Signal., August 3, 2004; 2004(244): re11 - re11. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Ishido, K. Kami, and M. Masuhara In vivo expression patterns of MyoD, p21, and Rb proteins in myonuclei and satellite cells of denervated rat skeletal muscle Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, August 1, 2004; 287(2): C484 - C493. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 J. Barbier, M. R. Popoff, and J. Molgo Degeneration and Regeneration of Murine Skeletal Neuromuscular Junctions after Intramuscular Injection with a Sublethal Dose of Clostridium sordellii Lethal Toxin Infect. Immun., June 1, 2004; 72(6): 3120 - 3128. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. L. Warren, L. O'Farrell, M. Summan, T. Hulderman, D. Mishra, M. I. Luster, W. A. Kuziel, and P. P. Simeonova Role of CC chemokines in skeletal muscle functional restoration after injury Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, May 1, 2004; 286(5): C1031 - C1036. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. A. Dreyfus, F. Chretien, B. Chazaud, Y. Kirova, P. Caramelle, L. Garcia, G. Butler-Browne, and R. K. Gherardi Adult Bone Marrow-Derived Stem Cells in Muscle Connective Tissue and Satellite Cell Niches Am. J. Pathol., March 1, 2004; 164(3): 773 - 779. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Favreau, D. Higuet, J.-C. Courvalin, and B. Buendia Expression of a Mutant Lamin A That Causes Emery-Dreifuss Muscular Dystrophy Inhibits In Vitro Differentiation of C2C12 Myoblasts Mol. Cell. Biol., February 15, 2004; 24(4): 1481 - 1492. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. C. J. LANGEN, J. L. J. VAN DER VELDEN, A. M. W. J. SCHOLS, M. C. J. M. KELDERS, E. F. M. WOUTERS, and Y. M. W. JANSSEN-HEININGER Tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibits myogenic differentiation through MyoD protein destabilization FASEB J, February 1, 2004; 18(2): 227 - 237. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 S. B. P. CHARGE and M. A. RUDNICKI Cellular and Molecular Regulation of Muscle Regeneration Physiol Rev, January 1, 2004; 84(1): 209 - 238. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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