Journal of Applied Physiology
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J Appl Physiol 91: 225-230, 2001;
8750-7587/01 $5.00
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Vol. 91, Issue 1, 225-230, July 2001

Gender differences in carbohydrate loading are related to energy intake

Mark A. Tarnopolsky1,2, Carol Zawada2, Lindsay B. Richmond2, Sherry Carter1, Jane Shearer3, Terry Graham3, and Stuart M. Phillips2

1 Departments of Medicine (Neurology and Rehabilitation) and 2 Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5; and 3 Human Biology and Nutrition, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G ZW1

We demonstrated that female endurance athletes did not increase their muscle glycogen concentration after an increase in the dietary carbohydrate intake (58 right-arrow 74%), whereas men did (Tarnopolsky MA, SA Atkinson, SM Phillips, and JD McDougall, J Appl Physiol 78: 1360-1368, 1995). This may have been related to a lower energy or carbohydrate intake by the women or due to an inherent gender difference in glycogen storage capacity. We examined whether well-trained men (n = 6) and women (n = 6) increased muscle glycogen concentration after an increase in both the relative (58 right-arrow 75%) and absolute energy and carbohydrate intake and whether potential gender differences were related to muscle hexokinase enzyme activity. Subjects were randomly allocated to three diets [Hab, habitual; CHO, high carbohydrate (75%); and CHO + E, extra energy + CHO (up-arrow ~34%)] for a 4-day period before a muscle biopsy for analysis of total and pro- and macroglycogen and hexokinase activity. Total glycogen concentration was higher for the men on the CHO and CHO + E trials compared with Hab (P < 0.05), whereas women increased only on the CHO + E trial compared with Hab (P < 0.05). There were no gender differences in the proportion of pro- and macroglycogen or hexokinase activity. A low energy intake may explain the previously reported lower capacity for women to glycogen load compared with men.

sex difference; hexokinase; glycogen; ergogenic aids


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