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,1 Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, 3012 Bern; and 2 Institute of Physiology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
This study was performed to
explore changes in gene expression as a consequence of exercise
training at two levels of intensity under normoxic and normobaric
hypoxic conditions (corresponding to an altitude of 3,850 m).
Four groups of human subjects trained five times a week for a total of
6 wk on a bicycle ergometer. Muscle biopsies were taken, and
performance tests were carried out before and after the training
period. Similar increases in maximal O2 uptake
(8.3-13.1%) and maximal power output (11.4-20.8%) were
found in all groups. RT-PCR revealed elevated mRNA concentrations of
the
-subunit of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) after both high-
(+82.4%) and low (+78.4%)-intensity training under hypoxic conditions. The mRNA of HIF-1
736, a splice variant of
HIF-1
newly detected in human skeletal muscle, was shown to be
changed in a similar pattern as HIF-1
. Increased mRNA contents of
myoglobin (+72.2%) and vascular endothelial growth factor (+52.4%)
were evoked only after high-intensity training in hypoxia. Augmented
mRNA levels of oxidative enzymes, phosphofructokinase, and heat shock
protein 70 were found after high-intensity training under both hypoxic
and normoxic conditions. Our findings suggest that HIF-1 is
specifically involved in the regulation of muscle adaptations after
hypoxia training. Fine-tuning of the training response is recognized at
the molecular level, and with less sensitivity also at the structural
level, but not at global functional responses like maximal
O2 uptake or maximal power output.
hypoxia training; gene expression; oxygen sensor system
Deceased.
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