Journal of Applied Physiology
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J Appl Physiol 90: 2476-2487, 2001;
8750-7587/01 $5.00
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Vol. 90, Issue 6, 2476-2487, June 2001

HIGHLIGHTED TOPICS
Physiological and Genomic Consequences of Intermittent Hypoxia
Invited Review: Adaptive responses of skeletal muscle to intermittent hypoxia: the known and the unknown

Thomas L. Clanton1 and Paul F. Klawitter2

Departments of 1 Internal Medicine (Pulmonary and Critical Care Division) and 2 Emergency Medicine, Dorothy Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210

Intermittent hypoxia (IH) describes conditions of repeated, transient reductions in O2 that may trigger unique adaptations. Rest periods during IH may avoid potentially detrimental effects of long-term O2 deprivation. For skeletal muscle, IH can occur in conditions of obstructive sleep apnea, transient altitude exposures (with or without exercise), intermittent claudication, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, neonatal blood flow obstruction, and diving responses of marine animals. Although it is likely that adaptations in these conditions vary, some patterns emerge. Low levels of hypoxia shift metabolic enzyme activity toward greater aerobic poise; extreme hypoxia shifts metabolism toward greater anaerobic potential. Some conditions of IH may also inhibit lactate release during exercise. Many related cellular phenomena could be involved in the response, including activation of specific O2 sensors, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, preconditioning, hypoxia-induced transcription factors, regulation of ion channels, and influences of paracrine/hormonal stimuli. The net effect of a variety of adaptive programs to IH may be to preserve contractile function and cell integrity in hypoxia or anoxia, a response that does not always translate into improvements in exercise performance.

altitude; ion transport; preconditioning; antioxidant; free radicals; reactive oxygen; obstructive sleep apnea; peripheral vascular occlusive disease; citrate synthase; cytochrome oxidase; myosin heavy chain


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