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1 Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, 2 Division of Respiratory Therapy, Department of Anesthesiology, and 3 Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
Motivated by our interest in lung deformation injury, we report on the validation of a new live cell strain system. We showed that the system maintains a cell culture environment equivalent to that provided by conventional incubators and that its strain ouput was uniform and reproducible. With this system, we defined cell deformation dose (i.e., membrane strain amplitude)-cell injury response relationships in alveolar epithelial cultures and studied the effects of temperature on them. Deformation injury occurred in the form of reversible, nonlethal plasma membrane stress failure events and was quantified as the fraction of cells with uptake and retention of fluorescein-labeled dextran (FITC-Dx). The undeformed control population showed virtually no FITC-Dx uptake at any temperature, which was also true for cells strained by 3%. However, when the membrane strain was increased to 18%, ~5% of cells experienced deformation injury at a temperature of 37°C. Moreover, at that strain, a reduction in temperature to 4°C resulted in a threefold increase in the number of cells with plasma membrane breaks (from 4.8 to 15.9%; P < 0.05). Cooling of cells to 4°C also lowered the strain threshold at which deformation injury was first seen. That is, at a 9% substratum strain, cooling to 4°C resulted in a 10-fold increase in the number of cells with FITC-Dx staining (0.7 vs. 7.5%, P < 0.05). At that temperature, A549 cells offered a 50% higher resistance to shape change (magnetic twisting cytometry measurements) than at 37°C. We conclude that the strain-injury threshold of A549 cells is reduced at low temperatures, and we consider temperature effects on plasma-membrane fluidity, cytoskeletal stiffness, and lipid trafficking as responsible mechanisms.
biomechanics; cell physiology; alveolar epithelial cells; ventilator-induced lung injury
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