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Departments of 1 Radiology, 2 Rehabilitation Medicine, 3 Medicine, 4 Physiology and Biophysics, and 5 Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
This study determined the cellular energetic
and structural adaptations of elderly muscle to exercise
training. Forty male and female subjects (69.2 ± 0.6 yr)
were assigned to a control group or 6 mo of endurance (ET) or
resistance training (RT). We used magnetic resonance spectroscopy and
imaging to characterize energetic properties and size of the quadriceps
femoris muscle. The phosphocreatine and pH changes during exercise
yielded the muscle oxidative properties, glycolytic ATP synthesis, and
contractile ATP demand. Muscle biopsies taken from the same site as the
magnetic resonance measurements were used to determine myosin heavy
chain isoforms, metabolite concentrations, and mitochondrial volume densities. The ET group showed changes in all energetic pathways: oxidative capacity (+31%), contractile ATP demand (
21%), and glycolytic ATP supply (56%). The RT group had a large increase in
oxidative capacity (57%). Only the RT group exhibited change in
structural properties: a rise in mitochondrial volume density (31%)
and muscle size (10%). These results demonstrate large energetic, but
smaller structural, adaptations by elderly muscle with exercise training. The rise in oxidative properties with both ET and RT suggests
that the aerobic pathway is particularly sensitive to exercise training
in elderly muscle. Thus elderly muscle remains adaptable to chronic
exercise, with large energetic changes accompanying both ET and RT.
31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy; muscle energetics; quadriceps; aging muscle
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