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Departments of 1 Kinesiology and 2 Rehabilitative Services, College of Health and Human Services, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606
Weight-bearing activity provides an osteogenic
stimulus, while effects of swimming on bone are unclear. We evaluated
bone mineral density (BMD) and markers of bone turnover in female
athletes (n = 41, age 20.7 yr) comparing three impact
groups, high impact (High, basketball and volleyball, n = 14), medium impact (Med, soccer and track, n = 13),
and nonimpact (Non, swimming, n = 7), with sedentary
age-matched controls (Con, n = 7). BMD was assessed by
dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at the lumbar spine, femoral neck
(FN), Ward's triangle, and trochanter (TR); bone resorption estimated
from urinary cross-linked N-telopeptides (NTx); and bone formation
determined from serum osteocalcin. Adjusted BMD (g/cm; covariates: body
mass index, weight, and calcium and calorie intake) was greater at the
FN and TR in the High group (1.27 ± 0.03 and 1.05 ± 0.03)
than in the Non (1.05 ± 0.04 and 0.86 ± 0.04) and Con
(1.03 ± 0.05 and 0.85 ± 0.05) groups and greater at the TR
in the Med group (1.01 ± 0.03) than in the Non (0.86 ± 0.04) and Con (0.85 ± 0.05) groups. Total body BMD was higher in
the High group (4.9 ± 0.12) than in the Med (4.5 ± 0.12),
Non (4.2 ± 0.14), and Con (4.1 ± 0.17) groups and greater
in the Med group than in the Non and Con groups. Bone formation was
lower in the Non group (19.8 ± 2.6) than in the High (30.6 ± 3.0) and Med (32.9 ± 1.9, P 
0.05) groups. No
differences in a marker of bone resorption (NTx) were noted. This
indicates that women who participate in impact sports such as
volleyball and basketball had higher BMDs and bone formation values
than female swimmers.
osteocalcin; physical activity; mechanical loading
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