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1 Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and 2 Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, University of Maryland, the 3 Medical and 4 Research Services of the Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and the 5 University of Maryland at Baltimore Cytokine Core Laboratory, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
Fever is an important regulator of
inflammation that modifies expression and bioactivity of cytokines,
including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-
. Pulmonary vascular
endothelium is an important target of TNF-
during the systemic
inflammatory response. In this study, we analyzed the effect of a
febrile range temperature (39.5°C) on TNF-
-stimulated
changes in endothelial barrier function, capacity for neutrophil
binding and transendothelial migration (TEM), and cytokine secretion in
human pulmonary artery endothelial cells (EC). Permeability for
[14C]BSA tracer was increased by treatment with TNF-
,
and this effect was augmented by incubating EC at 39.5°C. Treating EC
with 2.5 U/ml TNF-
stimulated an increase in subsequent neutrophil
adherence and TEM. Incubating EC at 39.5°C caused a 30% increase in
TEM but did not modify the enhancement of neutrophil adherence or TEM
by TNF-
treatment. Analysis of cytokine expression in EC cultures
exposed to TNF-
at either 37° or 39.5°C revealed three patterns
of temperature and TNF-
responsiveness. Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin (IL)-8 were not
detectable in untreated EC but were increased after TNF-
exposure,
and this increase was enhanced at 39.5°C. IL-6 expression was also
increased with TNF-
exposure, but IL-6 expression was lower in
39.5°C EC cultures. Transforming growth factor-
1 was constitutively expressed, and its expression was not influenced either
by TNF-
or exposure to 39.5°C. These data demonstrate that
clinically relevant shifts in body temperature might cause important
changes in the effects of proinflammatory cytokines on the endothelium.
endothelial cell; paracellular pathway; fever; neutrophils
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