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1 Department of Prevention, Rehabilitation, and Sports Medicine, Center for Internal Medicine, Freiburg University Hospital, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany; and 2 Sports Medicine Department, Swiss Paraplegic Center, CH-6207 Nottwil, Switzerland
In humans, the
relationships of blood flow changes to structure, function, and shear
rate of conducting arteries have not been thoroughly examined.
Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate these
parameters of the elastic-type, common carotid artery (CCA) and the
muscular-type, common femoral artery (CFA) in long-term highly active
and extremely inactive individuals, assuming that the impact of
activity-induced blood flow changes on conduit arteries, if any, should
be seen in these subjects. We examined 21 highly endurance-trained
athletes (A), 10 paraplegic subjects (P), and 20 sedentary subjects (S)
by means of noninvasive ultrasound. As a result, the CFA diameter and
compliance were highest in A (9.7 ± 0.81 mm; 1.84 ± 0.54 mm2/kPa) and lowest in P (5.9 ± 0.7 mm; 0.54 ± 0.27 mm2/kPa) compared with S (8.3 ± 1.0 mm;
0.92 ± 0.48 mm2/kPa) with P < 0.01 among the groups. Both parameters correlated with each other
(r = 0.62; P < 0.01). Compared with A
(378 ± 84 s
1; 37 ± 15 s1) and S
(356 ± 113 s1; 36 ± 20 s1), the
peak and mean shear rates of the CFA were almost or more than doubled
in P (588 ± 120 s1; 89 ± 26 s1). In the CCA, only the compliance and peak
shear rate showed significant differences among the groups (A:
1.28 ± 0.47 mm2/kPa, 660 ± 138 s1; S: 1.04 ± 0.27 mm2/kPa, 588 ± 109 s1; P: 0.65 ± 0.22 mm2/kPa,
490 ± 149 s1; P < 0.05). In
conclusion, the results suggest a structural and functional adaptation
in the CFA and a predominantly functional adaptation of the arterial
wall properties to differences in the physical activity level and
associated exercise-induced blood flow changes in the CCA. The results
for humans confirm those from animal experiments. Similar shear rate
values of S and P in the CFA support the hypothesis of constant shear
stress regulation due to local blood flow changes in humans. On the
other hand, the increased shear rate in the CFA in P indicates an at
least partially nonphysiological response of the arterial wall in
long-term chronic sympathectomy due to a change in local blood flow.
arterial diameter; compliance; shear rate; physical activity; ultrasound
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