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J Appl Physiol 88: 1321-1326, 2000;
8750-7587/00 $5.00
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Vol. 88, Issue 4, 1321-1326, April 2000

Aging of skeletal muscle: a 12-yr longitudinal study

Walter R. Frontera1,2, Virginia A. Hughes2, Roger A. Fielding2,3, Maria A. Fiatarone2,4, William J. Evans5, and Ronenn Roubenoff2

1 Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School and Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Boston 02114; 2 Nutrition, Exercise Physiology, and Sarcopenia Laboratory, Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Medford 02155; 3 Department of Health Sciences, Sargent College of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215; 4 School of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia; and 5 Donald W. Reynolds Department of Geriatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72204

The present study examines age-related changes in skeletal muscle size and function after 12 yr. Twelve healthy sedentary men were studied in 1985-86 (T1) and nine (initial mean age 65.4 ± 4.2 yr) were reevaluated in 1997-98 (T2). Isokinetic muscle strength of the knee and elbow extensors and flexors showed losses (P < 0.05) ranging from 20 to 30% at slow and fast angular velocities. Computerized tomography (n = 7) showed reductions (P < 0.05) in the cross-sectional area (CSA) of the thigh (12.5%), all thigh muscles (14.7%), quadriceps femoris muscle (16.1%), and flexor muscles (14.9%). Analysis of covariance showed that strength at T1 and changes in CSA were independent predictors of strength at T2. Muscle biopsies taken from vastus lateralis muscles (n = 6) showed a reduction in percentage of type I fibers (T1 = 60% vs. T2 = 42%) with no change in mean area in either fiber type. The capillary-to-fiber ratio was significantly lower at T2 (1.39 vs. 1.08; P = 0.043). Our observations suggest that a quantitative loss in muscle CSA is a major contributor to the decrease in muscle strength seen with advancing age and, together with muscle strength at T1, accounts for 90% of the variability in strength at T2.

sarcopenia; muscle strength; muscle size; muscle fiber type and area


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J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., December 1, 2002; 57(12): B422 - 427.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical SciencesHome page
J. F. Signorile, M. P. Carmel, S. J. Czaja, S. S. Asfour, R. O. Morgan, T. M. Khalil, F. Ma, and B. A. Roos
Differential Increases in Average Isokinetic Power by Specific Muscle Groups of Older Women Due to Variations in Training and Testing
J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., October 1, 2002; 57(10): M683 - 690.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Am. J. Clin. Nutr.Home page
V. A Hughes, W. R Frontera, R. Roubenoff, W. J Evans, and M. A F. Singh
Longitudinal changes in body composition in older men and women: role of body weight change and physical activity
Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, August 1, 2002; 76(2): 473 - 481.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
C. P. Lambert, D. H. Sullivan, S. A. Freeling, D. M. Lindquist, and W. J. Evans
Effects of Testosterone Replacement and/or Resistance Exercise on the Composition of Megestrol Acetate Stimulated Weight Gain in Elderly Men: A Randomized Controlled Trial
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., May 1, 2002; 87(5): 2100 - 2106.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Appl. Physiol.Home page
B. L. Tracy and R. M. Enoka
Older adults are less steady during submaximal isometric contractions with the knee extensor muscles
J Appl Physiol, March 1, 2002; 92(3): 1004 - 1012.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical SciencesHome page
A. M. Matsumoto
Andropause: Clinical Implications of the Decline in Serum Testosterone Levels With Aging in Men
J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., February 1, 2002; 57(2): M76 - 99.
[Full Text]

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G. N Williams, M. J Higgins, and M. D Lewek
Aging Skeletal Muscle: Physiologic Changes and the Effects of Training
Physical Therapy, January 1, 2002; 82(1): 62 - 68.
[Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Appl. Physiol.Home page
T. A. Trappe, D. M. Lindquist, and J. A. Carrithers
Muscle-specific atrophy of the quadriceps femoris with aging
J Appl Physiol, June 1, 2001; 90(6): 2070 - 2074.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
A. Vermeulen
Androgen Replacement Therapy in the Aging Male--A Critical Evaluation
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., June 1, 2001; 86(6): 2380 - 2390.
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 Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical SciencesHome page
V. A. Hughes, W. R. Frontera, M. Wood, W. J. Evans, G. E. Dallal, R. Roubenoff, and M. A. F. Singh
Longitudinal Muscle Strength Changes in Older Adults: Influence of Muscle Mass, Physical Activity, and Health
J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., April 1, 2001; 56(5): 209B - 217.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

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 J. Appl. Physiol.Home page
H. A. K. Browne, L. Adams, A. K. Simonds, and M. J. Morrell
Impact of age on breathing and resistive pressure in people with and without sleep apnea
J Appl Physiol, March 1, 2001; 90(3): 1074 - 1082.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical SciencesHome page
R. Roubenoff and V. A. Hughes
Sarcopenia: Current Concepts
J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., December 1, 2000; 55(12): 716M - 724.
[Abstract] [Full Text]


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