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Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Presbyterian Hospital of Dallas, Dallas 75231; and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75235
Moderate-altitude living (2,500 m), combined with low-altitude training (1,250 m) (i.e., live
high-train low), results in a significantly greater improvement in
maximal O2 uptake
(
O2 max) and performance over equivalent sea-level training. Although the mean
improvement in group response with this "high-low" training model
is clear, the individual response displays a wide variability. To
determine the factors that contribute to this variability, 39 collegiate runners (27 men, 12 women) were retrospectively divided into
responders (n = 17) and nonresponders
(n = 15) to altitude training on the
basis of the change in sea-level 5,000-m run time determined before and
after 28 days of living at moderate altitude and training at either low
or moderate altitude. In addition, 22 elite runners were examined
prospectively to confirm the significance of these factors in a
separate population. In the retrospective analysis, responders
displayed a significantly larger increase in erythropoietin (Epo)
concentration after 30 h at altitude compared with
nonresponders. After 14 days at altitude, Epo was still elevated in
responders but was not significantly different from sea-level values in
nonresponders. The Epo response led to a significant increase in total
red cell volume and
O2 max in responders; in contrast, nonresponders did not show a difference in total red cell
volume or O2 max
after altitude training. Nonresponders demonstrated a significant
slowing of interval-training velocity at altitude and thus achieved a
smaller O2 consumption during those intervals, compared with responders. The acute increases in Epo
and O2 max
were significantly higher in the prospective cohort of responders,
compared with nonresponders, to altitude training. In conclusion, after
a 28-day altitude training camp, a significant improvement in 5,000-m
run performance is, in part, dependent on
1) living at a high enough altitude
to achieve a large acute increase in Epo, sufficient to increase the
total red cell volume and
O2 max, and
2) training at a low enough altitude
to maintain interval training velocity and
O2 flux near sea-level values.
athletes; hypoxia; erythropoietin; exercise
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