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J Appl Physiol 85: 908-920, 1998;
8750-7587/98 $5.00
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Vol. 85, Issue 3, 908-920, September 1998

Activity of respiratory pump and upper airway muscles during sleep onset

Christopher Worsnop1, Amanda Kay2, Robert Pierce1, Young Kim2, and John Trinder2

1 Department of Respiratory Medicine, Austin and Repatriation Medical Centre, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084; and 2 School of Behavioural Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia

Ventilation decreases at sleep onset. This change is initiated abruptly at alpha -theta electroencephalographic transitions. The aim of this study was to determine the contributions of reduced activity in respiratory pump muscles and upper airway dilator muscles to this change. Surface electromyograms over the diaphragm (Di) and intercostal muscles and fine-wire intramuscular electrodes in genioglossus (GG) and tensor palatini (TP) muscles were recorded in nine healthy young men. It was shown that phasic Di and both phasic and tonic TP activities were lower during theta  than during alpha  activity. Breath-by-breath analysis of the changes at alpha -theta transitions during the sleep-onset period showed a number of changes. At alpha -theta transitions, phasic activity of Di, intercostal, and GG muscles fell and rose again, and phasic and tonic activities of TP fell and remained at low levels during theta . With a state transition from theta  to alpha , the phasic and tonic activities of the Di, GG, and TP increased dramatically. It is now clear that the fall in ventilation that occurs with sleep is related to a fall in activities of both upper airway dilator muscles and respiratory pump muscles.

diaphragm; intercostals; genioglossus; tensor palatini; upper airway resistance


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