Journal of Applied Physiology Fuel your research with LabChart
HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced]


     

J Appl Physiol 84: 1341-1349, 1998;
8750-7587/98 $5.00
This Article
Right arrow Full Text Free
Right arrow Full Text (PDF) Free
Right arrow Submit a response
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me when eLetters are posted
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Häkkinen, K.
Right arrow Articles by Alen, M.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Häkkinen, K.
Right arrow Articles by Alen, M.

Vol. 84, Issue 4, 1341-1349, April 1998

Changes in agonist-antagonist EMG, muscle CSA, and force during strength training in middle-aged and older people

K. Häkkinen1, M. Kallinen2, M. Izquierdo3, K. Jokelainen4, H. Lassila4, E. Mälkiä4, W. J. Kraemer5, R. U. Newton6, and M. Alen2

1 Neuromuscular Research Center and Department of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä, 40351 Jyväskylä; 2 Peurunka-Medical Rehabilitation and Physical Exercise Centre, 41350 Laukaa, Finland; 3 Laboratory of Biomechanics, Institute of Physical Education of León, 24071 León, Spain; 4 Department of Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, 40351 Jyväskylä, Finland; 5 Laboratory for Sports Medicine, the Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802; and 6 School of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Southern Cross University, Lismore 2480, New South Wales, Australia

Effects of 6 mo of heavy-resistance training combined with explosive exercises on neural activation of the agonist and antagonist leg extensors, muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) of the quadriceps femoris, as well as maximal and explosive strength were examined in 10 middle-aged men (M40; 42 ± 2 yr), 11 middle-aged women (W40; 39 ± 3 yr), 11 elderly men (M70; 72 ± 3 yr) and 10 elderly women (W70; 67 ± 3 yr). Maximal and explosive strength remained unaltered during a 1-mo control period with no strength training. After the 6 mo of training, maximal isometric and dynamic leg-extension strength increased by 36 ± 4 and 22 ± 2% (P < 0.001) in M40, by 36 ± 3 and 21 ± 3% (P < 0.001) in M70, by 66 ± 9 and 34 ± 4% (P < 0.001) in W40, and by 57 ± 10 and 30 ± 3% (P < 0.001) in W70, respectively. All groups showed large increases (P < 0.05-0.001) in the maximum integrated EMGs (iEMGs) of the agonist vastus lateralis and medialis. Significant (P < 0.05-0.001) increases occurred in the maximal rate of isometric force production and in a squat jump that were accompanied with increased (P < 0.05-0.01) iEMGs of the leg extensors. The iEMG of the antagonist biceps femoris muscle during the maximal isometric leg extension decreased in both M70 (from 24 ± 6 to 21 ± 6%; P < 0.05) and in W70 (from 31 ± 9 to 24 ± 4%; P < 0.05) to the same level as recorded for M40 and W40. The CSA of the quadriceps femoris increased in M40 by 5% (P < 0.05), in W40 by 9% (P < 0.01), in W70 by 6% (P < 0.05), and in M70 by 2% (not significant). Great training-induced gains in maximal and explosive strength in both middle-aged and elderly subjects were accompanied by large increases in the voluntary activation of the agonists, with significant reductions in the antagonist coactivation in the elderly subjects. Because the enlargements in the muscle CSAs in both middle-aged and elderly subjects were much smaller in magnitude, neural adaptations seem to play a greater role in explaining strength and power gains during the present strength-training protocol.

neural control; agonist and antagonist muscles; aging; hypertrophy; electromyogram; cross-sectional area


This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
 J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci.Home page
T. R. Henwood, S. Riek, and D. R. Taaffe
Strength Versus Muscle Power-Specific Resistance Training in Community-Dwelling Older Adults
J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., January 1, 2008; 63(1): 83 - 91.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci.Home page
M. D. de Boer, C. I. Morse, J. M. Thom, A. de Haan, and M. V. Narici
Changes in Antagonist Muscles' Coactivation in Response to Strength Training in Older Women
J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., September 1, 2007; 62(9): 1022 - 1027.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Neurorehabil Neural RepairHome page
C. J. Hass, M. A. Collins, and J. L. Juncos
Resistance Training With Creatine Monohydrate Improves Upper-Body Strength in Patients With Parkinson Disease: A Randomized Trial
Neurorehabil Neural Repair, March 1, 2007; 21(2): 107 - 115.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Appl. Physiol.Home page
J. Duchateau, J. G. Semmler, and R. M. Enoka
Training adaptations in the behavior of human motor units
J Appl Physiol, December 1, 2006; 101(6): 1766 - 1775.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Appl. Physiol.Home page
M. T. Korhonen, A. Cristea, M. Alen, K. Hakkinen, S. Sipila, A. Mero, J. T. Viitasalo, L. Larsson, and H. Suominen
Aging, muscle fiber type, and contractile function in sprint-trained athletes
J Appl Physiol, September 1, 2006; 101(3): 906 - 917.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Appl. Physiol.Home page
D. J. Kosek, J.-s. Kim, J. K. Petrella, J. M. Cross, and M. M. Bamman
Efficacy of 3 days/wk resistance training on myofiber hypertrophy and myogenic mechanisms in young vs. older adults
J Appl Physiol, August 1, 2006; 101(2): 531 - 544.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Age AgeingHome page
A. F. Vallejo, E. T. Schroeder, L. Zheng, N. E. Jensky, and F. R. Sattler
Cardiopulmonary responses to eccentric and concentric resistance exercise in older adults.
Age Ageing, May 1, 2006; 35(3): 291 - 297.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 ptjournalHome page
L. L Andersen, S P. Magnusson, M. Nielsen, J. Haleem, K. Poulsen, and P. Aagaard
Neuromuscular Activation in Conventional Therapeutic Exercises and Heavy Resistance Exercises: Implications for Rehabilitation
Physical Therapy, May 1, 2006; 86(5): 683 - 697.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Exp PhysiolHome page
N. D. Reeves, M. V. Narici, and C. N. Maganaris
Myotendinous plasticity to ageing and resistance exercise in humans
Exp Physiol, May 1, 2006; 91(3): 483 - 498.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci.Home page
E. F. Binder, K. E. Yarasheski, K. Steger-May, D. R. Sinacore, M. Brown, K. B. Schechtman, and J. O. Holloszy
Effects of Progressive Resistance Training on Body Composition in Frail Older Adults: Results of a Randomized, Controlled Trial
J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., November 1, 2005; 60(11): 1425 - 1431.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Appl. Physiol.Home page
L. L. Andersen, J. L. Andersen, S. P. Magnusson, C. Suetta, J. L. Madsen, L. R. Christensen, and P. Aagaard
Changes in the human muscle force-velocity relationship in response to resistance training and subsequent detraining
J Appl Physiol, July 1, 2005; 99(1): 87 - 94.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci.Home page
N. J. de Vos, N. A. Singh, D. A. Ross, T. M. Stavrinos, R. Orr, and M. A. Fiatarone Singh
Optimal Load for Increasing Muscle Power During Explosive Resistance Training in Older Adults
J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., May 1, 2005; 60(5): 638 - 647.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 JCOHome page
D. A. Galvao and R. U. Newton
Review of Exercise Intervention Studies in Cancer Patients
J. Clin. Oncol., February 1, 2005; 23(4): 899 - 909.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci.Home page
D. G. Candow and P. D. Chilibeck
Differences in Size, Strength, and Power of Upper and Lower Body Muscle Groups in Young and Older Men
J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., February 1, 2005; 60(2): 148 - 156.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Appl. Physiol.Home page
J. K. Petrella, J.-s. Kim, S. C. Tuggle, S. R. Hall, and M. M. Bamman
Age differences in knee extension power, contractile velocity, and fatigability
J Appl Physiol, January 1, 2005; 98(1): 211 - 220.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Appl. Physiol.Home page
C. Suetta, P. Aagaard, A. Rosted, A. K. Jakobsen, B. Duus, M. Kjaer, and S. P. Magnusson
Training-induced changes in muscle CSA, muscle strength, EMG, and rate of force development in elderly subjects after long-term unilateral disuse
J Appl Physiol, November 1, 2004; 97(5): 1954 - 1961.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci.Home page
H. H. C. M. Savelberg and K. Meijer
The Effect of Age and Joint Angle on the Proportionality of Extensor and Flexor Strength at the Knee Joint
J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., November 1, 2004; 59(11): 1120 - 1128.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Exp PhysiolHome page
N. D Reeves, M. V Narici, and C. N Maganaris
In vivo human muscle structure and function: adaptations to resistance training in old age
Exp Physiol, November 1, 2004; 89(6): 675 - 689.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci.Home page
B. K. Barry and R. G. Carson
The Consequences of Resistance Training for Movement Control in Older Adults
J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., July 1, 2004; 59(7): M730 - M754.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Clin. Nutr.Home page
Y. Rolland, V. Lauwers-Cances, M. Pahor, J. Fillaux, H. Grandjean, and B. Vellas
Muscle strength in obese elderly women: effect of recreational physical activity in a cross-sectional study
Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, April 1, 2004; 79(4): 552 - 557.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Appl. Physiol.Home page
N. D. Reeves, M. V. Narici, and C. N. Maganaris
Effect of resistance training on skeletal muscle-specific force in elderly humans
J Appl Physiol, March 1, 2004; 96(3): 885 - 892.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Rheumatology (Oxford)Home page
H. Valkeinen, M. Alen, P. Hannonen, A. Hakkinen, O. Airaksinen, and K. Hakkinen
Changes in knee extension and flexion force, EMG and functional capacity during strength training in older females with fibromyalgia and healthy controls
Rheumatology, February 1, 2004; 43(2): 225 - 228.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Appl. Physiol.Home page
M. V. Narici, C. N. Maganaris, N. D. Reeves, and P. Capodaglio
Effect of aging on human muscle architecture
J Appl Physiol, December 1, 2003; 95(6): 2229 - 2234.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

Home page
 J. Appl. Physiol.Home page
A. Macaluso, A. Young, K. S. Gibb, D. A. Rowe, and G. De Vito
Cycling as a novel approach to resistance training increases muscle strength, power, and selected functional abilities in healthy older women
J Appl Physiol, December 1, 2003; 95(6): 2544 - 2553.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

Home page
 J. Appl. Physiol.Home page
T. J. Doherty
Invited Review: Aging and sarcopenia
J Appl Physiol, October 1, 2003; 95(4): 1717 - 1727.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
E. T. Schroeder, M. Terk, and F. R. Sattler
Androgen therapy improves muscle mass and strength but not muscle quality: results from two studies
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, July 1, 2003; 285(1): E16 - E24.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Br. J. Sports. Med.Home page
J Surakka, S Aunola, T Nordblad, S-L Karppi, and E Alanen
Feasibility of power-type strength training for middle aged men and women: self perception, musculoskeletal symptoms, and injury rates
Br. J. Sports Med., April 1, 2003; 37(2): 131 - 136.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Appl. Physiol.Home page
P. Aagaard, E. B. Simonsen, J. L. Andersen, P. Magnusson, and P. Dyhre-Poulsen
Increased rate of force development and neural drive of human skeletal muscle following resistance training
J Appl Physiol, October 1, 2002; 93(4): 1318 - 1326.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 ptjournalHome page
G. N Williams, M. J Higgins, and M. D Lewek
Aging Skeletal Muscle: Physiologic Changes and the Effects of Training
Physical Therapy, January 1, 2002; 82(1): 62 - 68.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Appl. Physiol.Home page
K. Hakkinen, A. Pakarinen, W. J. Kraemer, A. Hakkinen, H. Valkeinen, and M. Alen
Selective muscle hypertrophy, changes in EMG and force, and serum hormones during strength training in older women
J Appl Physiol, August 1, 2001; 91(2): 569 - 580.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci.Home page
S.M. Roth, G.F. Martel, F.M. Ivey, J.T. Lemmer, B.L. Tracy, E.J. Metter, B.F. Hurley, and M.A. Rogers
Skeletal Muscle Satellite Cell Characteristics in Young and Older Men and Women After Heavy Resistance Strength Training
J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., June 1, 2001; 56(6): B240 - B247.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci.Home page
E. L. Lamoureux, W.A. Sparrow, A. Murphy, and R. U. Newton
Differences in the Neuromuscular Capacity and Lean Muscle Tissue in Old and Older Community-Dwelling Adults
J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., June 1, 2001; 56(6): M381 - M385.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Appl. Physiol.Home page
M. Izquierdo, K. Hakkinen, J. Ibanez, M. Garrues, A. Anton, A. Zuniga, J. L. Larrion, and E. M. Gorostiaga
Effects of strength training on muscle power and serum hormones in middle-aged and older men
J Appl Physiol, April 1, 2001; 90(4): 1497 - 1507.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Ann Rheum DisHome page
A Häkkinen, K Häkkinen, P Hannonen, and M Alen
Strength training induced adaptations in neuromuscular function of premenopausal women with fibromyalgia: comparison with healthy women
Ann Rheum Dis, January 1, 2001; 60(1): 21 - 26.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

Home page
 J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci.Home page
F. M. Ivey, S. M. Roth, R. E. Ferrell, B. L. Tracy, J. T. Lemmer, D. E. Hurlbut, G. F. Martel, E. L. Siegel, J. L. Fozard, E. J. Metter, et al.
Effects of Age, Gender, and Myostatin Genotype on the Hypertrophic Response to Heavy Resistance Strength Training
J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., November 1, 2000; 55(11): 641M - 648.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

Home page
 J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci.Home page
L. L. Ploutz-Snyder, E. L. Yackel-Giamis, A. E. Rosenbaum, and M. Formikell
Use of Muscle Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging With Older Individuals
J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., October 1, 2000; 55(10): 504B - 511.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

Home page
 J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci.Home page
T. Hortobágyi and P. DeVita
Favorable Neuromuscular and Cardiovascular Responses to 7 Days of Exercise With an Eccentric Overload in Elderly Women
J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., August 1, 2000; 55(8): 401B - 410.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

Home page
 J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci.Home page
F. M. Ivey, B. L. Tracy, J. T. Lemmer, M. NessAiver, E. J. Metter, J. L. Fozard, and B. F. Hurley
Effects of Strength Training and Detraining on Muscle Quality: Age and Gender Comparisons
J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., March 1, 2000; 55(3): 152B - 157.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

Home page
 J. Appl. Physiol.Home page
B. L. Tracy, F. M. Ivey, D. Hurlbut, G. F. Martel, J. T. Lemmer, E. L. Siegel, E. J. Metter, J. L. Fozard, J. L. Fleg, and B. F. Hurley
Muscle quality. II. Effects of strength training in 65- to 75-yr-old men and women
J Appl Physiol, January 1, 1999; 86(1): 195 - 201.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
Visit Other APS Journals Online