Endogenous nitric oxide (NO) influences acetylcholine-induced bronchovascular dilation in sheep and is a mediator of the airway smooth muscle inhibitory nonadrenergic, noncholinergic neural response in several species. This study was designed to determine the importance of NO as a neurally derived modulator of ovine airway and bronchial vascular smooth muscle. We measured the response of pulmonary resistance (RL) and bronchial blood flow (br) to vagal stimulation in 14 anesthetized, ventilated, open-chest sheep during the following conditions: 1) control; 2) infusion of the -agonist phenylephrine to reduce baseline br by the same amount as would be produced by infusion of N-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA), a NO synthase inhibitor; 3) infusion of L-NNA (10² M); and 4) after administration of atropine (1.5 mg/kg). The results showed that vagal stimulation produced an increase in RL and br in periods 1, 2, and 3 (P < 0.01) that was not affected by L-NNA. After atropine was administered, there was no increase in br or RL. In vitro experiments on trachealis smooth muscle contracted with carbachol showed no effect of L-NNA on neural relaxation but showed a complete blockade with propranolol (P < 0.01). In conclusion, the vagally induced airway smooth muscle contraction and bronchial vascular dilation are not influenced by NO, and the sheep's trachealis muscle, unlike that in several other species, does not have inhibitory nonadrenergic, noncholinergic innervation.