Rumpler, James L., and William V. Seale. Synchronous direct gradient layer and indirect room calorimetry. J. Appl. Physiol. 83(5): 1775-1781, 1997.A dual direct/indirect room-sized calorimeter is used at the Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center to measure heat emission and energy expenditure in humans. Because the response times of a gradient layer direct calorimeter and an indirect calorimeter are not equivalent, the respective rate of heat emission and energy expenditure cannot be directly compared. A system of equations has been developed and tested that can correct the respective outputs of the direct gradient layer calorimeter and indirect calorimeter for delays due to the response times of the measurement systems. Performance tests using alcohol combustion to simulate a human subject indicate accurate measurements of heat production from indirect (99.9 ± 0.4%), indirect corrected for response time (99.9 ± 0.5%), direct (99.9 ± 0.8%), and direct corrected for response time (99.9 ± 0.8%) calorimetry systems. Results from 24-h measurements in 10 subjects indicate that corrected heat emission is equivalent to (99.8 ± 2.0%) corrected energy expenditure. However, heat emission measured during sleep was significantly greater (14%) than energy expenditure, suggesting a change in the energy stored as heat in the body. This difference was reversed during the day. These results illustrate how the simultaneous measurement of heat emission and energy expenditure provides insights into heat regulation.