Imanaka, Hideaki, William R. Kimball, John C. Wain, Masaji Nishimura, Kenichi Okubo, Dean Hess, and Robert M. Kacmarek. Recovery of diaphragmatic function in awake sheep after two approaches to thoracic surgery. J. Appl. Physiol. 83(5): 1733-1740, 1997.Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) is replacing thoracotomy, but no study has addressed the extent or duration of VATS-induced diaphragmatic alteration. We hypothesized that VATS would impair diaphragmatic function less and return diaphragmatic function faster than thoracotomy. In eight sheep, sonomicrometers were randomly implanted on the right costal diaphragm via VATS or thoracotomy. Diaphragmatic resting length, shortening fraction, and respiratory function were measured weekly during quiet breathing (QB) and CO₂ rebreathing for 4 wk. For VATS, shortening fraction was smallest on postoperative days 1 (POD 1) (6.4 ± 3.4 and 12.9 ± 8.7% during QB and 10% CO₂ rebreathing, respectively) and 7 (6.3 ± 3.4 and 16.9 ± 4.0% during QB and 10% CO₂ rebreathing, respectively) and recovered by 3 wk (13.2 ± 1.8 and 28.9 ± 8.0% during QB and 10% CO₂ rebreathing, respectively). For thoracotomy, shortening fraction at 10% CO₂ rebreathing was smaller on PODs 1, 7, 14 (15.9 ± 7.1, 13.6 ± 5.4, and 19.0 ± 6.9%) than on POD 28 (29.9 ± 8.2%), but not during QB on POD 1 or 7 (7.5 ± 3.8 and 3.4 ± 2.6%) compared with POD 28 (10.7 ± 8.7%). Shortening fraction did not differ between surgeries. There was no group difference in minute ventilation, respiratory rate, transdiaphragmatic pressure, or esophageal and gastric pressures. In conclusion, although shortening fraction recovered faster for VATS, this translated into insignificant functional differences.