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1 Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14214; 2 Department of Anesthesia, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; 3 Department of Physiology, Centre Medical Universitaire, Universite de Geneve, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; and 4 Medical Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Buffalo, New York 14214
Received 11 October 1996; accepted in final form 15 May 1997.
Ferrigno, Massimo, Guido Ferretti, Avery Ellis, Dan
Warkander, Mario Costa, Paolo Cerretelli, and Claes E. G. Lundgren. Cardiovascular changes during deep breath-hold dives in
a pressure chamber. J. Appl. Physiol.
83(4): 1282-1290, 1997.
Electrocardiogram, cardiac output, and
blood lactate accumulation were recorded in three elite breath-hold
divers diving to 40-55 m in a pressure chamber in thermoneutral
(35°C) or cool (25°C) water. In two of the divers, invasive
recordings of arterial blood pressure were also obtained during dives
to 50 m in cool water. Bradycardia during the dives was more pronounced
and developed more rapidly in the cool water, with heart rates dropping
to 20-30 beats/min. Arrhythmias occurred, particularly during the
dives in cool water, when they were often more frequent than sinus
beats. Because of bradycardia, cardiac output decreased during the
dives, especially in cool water (to <3 l/min in 2 of the divers).
Arterial blood pressure increased dramatically, reaching values as high
as 280/200 and 290/150 mmHg in the two divers, respectively. This
hypertension was secondary to peripheral vasoconstriction, which also
led to anaerobic metabolism, reflected in increased blood lactate
concentration. The diving response of these divers resembles the one
described for diving animals, although the presence of arrhythmias and
large increases in blood pressure indicate a less perfect adaptation in
humans.
apnea; arrhythmias; bradycardia; cardiac output; arterial blood pressure; lactate
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