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Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
Received 15 October 1996; accepted in final form 30 April 1997.
Wagner, Elizabeth M. Effects of edema on small airway
narrowing. J. Appl. Physiol. 83(3):
784-791, 1997.
Numerous mediators of inflammation have been
demonstrated to cause airway microvascular fluid and protein
extravasation. That fluid extravasation results in airway wall edema
leading to airway narrowing and enhanced reactivity has not been
confirmed. In anesthetized, ventilated sheep
(n = 30), airway vascular
fluid extravasation was induced by infusing bradykinin
(10
6 M) through a
cannulated, blood-perfused bronchial artery. Airway wall edema and
luminal narrowing were determined morphometrically. Airway reactivity
to methacholine (MCh; 10 µg/ml, intrabronchial artery) was determined
by measuring conducting airway resistance (Raw) by forced oscillation.
Raw measurements were made and lung lobes were excised and quick frozen
before or after a 1-h bradykinin infusion. In 10 airways per lobe
(range 0.2- to 2.0-mm relaxed diameter), wall area occupied 32 ± 2% (SE) of the total normalized airway area
(n = 9). Bradykinin infusion increased
wall area to 42 ± 5% (P = 0.02);
luminal area decreased by <5%; and smooth muscle perimeter, a
measure of smooth muscle constriction, was not altered
(n = 5). Raw showed no
change from baseline (1.4 ± 0.4 cmH2O · l1 · s)
after bradykinin infusion (n = 10).
During MCh challenge, Raw increased by 3.2 ± 04 cmH2O · l1 · s,
and this change did not differ after administration of bradykinin. MCh
challenge caused similar decreases in smooth muscle perimeter (10%)
and luminal area (72 vs. 68%) before and after bradykinin infusion.
However, the time constant of recovery of Raw from MCh constriction was
increased from control (40 ± 3 s) to 57 ± 10 s after bradykinin
infusion (P = 0.03). When lung lobes
were excised at the same time after MCh challenge was terminated
(n = 5), luminal area was greater
before bradykinin infusion than after (86 vs. 78%;
P = 0.007), as was smooth muscle
perimeter. The results of this study demonstrate that airway wall edema
limits relaxation after induced constriction rather than enhancing
constriction.
bradykinin; bronchial artery; inflammation; morphometry; sheep
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