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Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht; and Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Received 13 May 1996; accepted in final form 23 April 1997.
Oostenbrug, G. S., R. P. Mensink, M. R. Hardeman, T. De
Vries, F. Brouns, and G. Hornstra. Exercise performance, red blood
cell deformability, and lipid peroxidation: effects of fish oil and
vitamin E. J. Appl. Physiol. 83(3):
746-752, 1997.
Previous studies have indicated that fish oil
supplementation increases red blood cell (RBC) deformability, which may
improve exercise performance. Exercise alone, or in combination with an
increase in fatty acid unsaturation, however, may enhance lipid
peroxidation. Effects of a bicycle time trial of ~1 h on RBC
characteristics and lipid peroxidation were, therefore, studied in 24 trained cyclists. After 3 wk of fish oil supplementation (6 g/day),
without or with vitamin E (300 IU/day), trial performance,
RBC characteristics, and lipid peroxidation were measured
again. RBC deformability appeared to decrease during
endurance exercise. After correction for hemoconcentration, plasma
total tocopherol concentrations decreased by 0.77 µmol/l
(P = 0.012) or 2.9% and carotenoid
concentrations by 0.08 µmol/l (P = 0.0008) or 4.5%. Endurance exercise did not affect the lag time and
rate of in vitro oxidation of low-density lipoproteins (LDLs), but the
maximum amount of conjugated dienes formed decreased by 2.1 ± 1.0 µmol/mmol LDL cholesterol (P = 0.042) or 1.2%. Fish oil supplementation with and
without vitamin E did not affect RBC characteristics or exercise
performance. Both supplements decreased the rate of LDL oxidation, and
fish oil supplementation with vitamin E delayed oxidation. The amount
of dienes, however, was not affected. The supplements also did not
change effects of exercise. We conclude that the changes observed
during endurance exercise may indicate increased oxidative stress, but
further research is necessary to confirm this. Fish oil supplementation does not improve endurance performance, but it also does not cause or
augment changes in antioxidant levels or LDL oxidation during exercise.
oxidative stress; diet; unsaturated fatty acids; antioxidants
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