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1 Department of Medicine,
Received 18 June 1996; accepted in final form 12 March 1997.
Gallagher, Dympna, Marjolein Visser, Ronald E. De Meersman,
Dennis Sepúlveda, Richard N. Baumgartner, Richard N. Pierson, Tamara Harris, and Steven B. Heymsfield. Appendicular skeletal muscle mass: effects of age, gender, and ethnicity. J. Appl. Physiol. 83(1): 229-239, 1997.
body composition; total body potassium; aging
This study
tested the hypothesis that skeletal muscle mass is reduced in elderly
women and men after adjustment first for stature and body weight. The
hypothesis was evaluated by estimating appendicular skeletal muscle
mass with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in a healthy adult cohort. A
second purpose was to test the hypothesis that whole body
40K counting-derived total body
potassium (TBK) is a reliable indirect measure of skeletal muscle mass.
The independent effects on both appendicular skeletal muscle and TBK of
gender (n = 148 women and 136 men) and
ethnicity (n = 152 African-Americans and 132 Caucasians) were also explored. Main findings
were 1) for both appendicular
skeletal muscle mass (total, leg, and arm) and TBK, age was an
independent determinant after adjustment first by stepwise multiple
regression for stature and weight (multiple regression model
r2 = ~0.60);
absolute decrease with greater age in men was almost double that in
women; significantly larger absolute amounts were observed in men and
African-Americans after adjustment first for stature, weight, and age;
and >80% of within-gender or -ethnic group between-individual
component variation was explained by stature, weight, age, gender, and
ethnicity differences; and 2) most
of between-individual TBK variation could be explained by total
appendicular skeletal muscle
(r2 = 0.865),
whereas age, gender, and ethnicity were small but significant additional covariates (total
r2 = 0.903). Our
study supports the hypotheses that skeletal muscle is reduced in the
elderly and that TBK provides a reasonable indirect assessment of
skeletal muscle mass. These findings provide a foundation for
investigating skeletal muscle mass in a wide range of health-related conditions.
0161-7567/97 $5.00
Copyright © 1997 the American Physiological Society
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