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1 Institute for Exercise and
Environmental Medicine,
Received 19 June 1996; accepted in final form 14 February 1997.
Levine, Benjamin D., and James Stray-Gundersen.
"Living high-training low": effect of moderate-altitude
acclimatization with low-altitude training on performance.
J. Appl. Physiol. 83(1): 102-112, 1997.
altitude; hypoxia; training; exercise; sports
The principal objective of this study was to test the hypothesis
that acclimatization to moderate altitude (2,500 m) plus training at
low altitude (1,250 m), "living high-training low," improves
sea-level performance in well-trained runners more than an equivalent
sea-level or altitude control. Thirty-nine competitive runners (27 men,
12 women) completed 1) a 2-wk
lead-in phase, followed by 2) 4 wk
of supervised training at sea level; and
3) 4 wk of field training camp
randomized to three groups: "high-low"
(n = 13), living at moderate altitude
(2,500 m) and training at low altitude (1,250 m); "high-high"
(n = 13), living and training at
moderate altitude (2,500 m); or "low-low"
(n = 13), living and training in a
mountain environment at sea level (150 m). A 5,000-m time trial was the
primary measure of performance; laboratory outcomes included maximal
O2 uptake
(
O2 max), anaerobic capacity (accumulated O2 deficit),
maximal steady state (MSS; ventilatory threshold), running economy,
velocity at O2 max, and blood compartment volumes. Both altitude groups significantly increased O2 max
(5%) in direct proportion to an increase in red cell mass volume
(9%; r = 0.37, P < 0.05), neither of which changed
in the control. Five-kilometer time was improved by the field training
camp only in the high-low group (13.4 ± 10 s), in direct
proportion to the increase in
O2 max
(r = 0.65, P < 0.01). Velocity at
O2 max and
MSS also improved only in the high-low group. Four weeks of living
high-training low improves sea-level running performance in trained
runners due to altitude acclimatization (increase in red cell mass
volume and O2 max) and maintenance of sea-level training velocities, most
likely accounting for the increase in velocity at
O2 max and MSS.
0161-7567/97 $5.00
Copyright © 1997 the American Physiological Society
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