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Department of Arctic Biology and Institute of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
Received 30 July 1996; accepted in final form 29 January 1997.
Cabanac, Arnaud, Lars P. Folkow, and Arnoldus Schytte Blix.
Volume capacity and contraction control of the seal spleen. J. Appl. Physiol. 82(6):
1989-1994, 1997.
Volume changes in the spleens of hooded seals
(Cystophora cristata) and harp seals
(Phoca groenlandica) were measured
plethysmographically in vitro in response to epinephrine,
norepinephrine, isoprenaline, phentolamine, and acetylcholine. Dilated spleens contracted forcefully
within 1-3 min of 
-adrenoceptor activation with 1.0-5.0
µg epinephrine/kg body mass, whereas stimulation of 
-adrenoceptors
and cholinergic receptors had little effect. The mass of dilated hooded
seal spleens corresponded to 2-4%
(n = 7) of body mass, with volume (V;
ml) relating to body mass (M; kg) as follows: V = 12.0M + 910 (r2 = 0.96, n = 4). Thus the spleen of a 250-kg
hooded seal maximally expels 3.9 liters, or 13%, of its estimated
total blood volume. Average hematocrit in splenic venous outflow from
dilated spleens was 90 ± 3% (n = 3) in hooded seals and 85% (n = 2) in
harp seals. From these data we have estimated that the aerobic diving
limit of a 250-kg hooded seal increases only 105 s, at the most, if complete emptying of the spleen occurs during diving, while the corresponding estimate for a 112-kg harp seal is 80 s.
phocid seals; diving; circulation; catecholamines; hematocrit
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