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1 Center for Human Genetics and 2 Center for Physical Development Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; and 3 Department of Human Genetics, Medical College of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia 23298
Received 5 November 1996; accepted in final form 12 February 1997.
Loos, R., M. Thomis, H. H. Maes, G. Beunen, A. L. Claessens,
C. Derom, E. Legius, R. Derom, and R. Vlietinck. Gender-specific regional changes in genetic structure of muscularity in early adolescence. J. Appl. Physiol. 82(6):
1802-1810, 1997.
Genetic and environmental influences on muscle
circumference measurements of the extremities were estimated in 105 pairs of twins between 10 and 14 yr of age. Four circumferences,
extended upper arm (EAC), forearm (FC), thigh (TC), and calf (CC), were
measured. Univariate model fitting revealed that the largest part
(87-95%) of the variance for all circumferences at most ages was
explained by additive genetic factors. Sex differences were observed
for some age categories. Multivariate analyses showed a different
pattern evolving according to age and gender. In boys from 10 to 12 yr
of age, one general genetic factor influenced all four circumferences.
With increasing age, an arm-leg model emerged, one genetic factor
influencing the arm and another genetic factor the leg circumferences.
In young girls one genetic factor loaded on the proximal (EAC,TC) and
another on the distal (FC,CC) circumferences. With subjects at age 14 yr, an arm-leg model was observed. High genetic correlations indicated
that genetic factors related to EAC, FC, TC, and CC did not act
independently. The age- and gender-specific changes in the genetic
structure suggest pubertal influences. This study shows that muscle
circumferences are highly heritable characteristics and are therefore a
promising starting point at which to locate their genes. Gene mapping
could validate the gender-specific change of the genetic structure with
age and region.
skeletal muscle circumferences; twins; genetic model fitting; univariate and multivariate genetic analysis; gender and age effects
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