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Department of Family, Nutrition, and Exercise Sciences, Queens College of the City University of New York, Flushing, New York 11367; and United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts 01760
Received 12 August 1996; accepted in final form 7 January 1997.
Lee, Dae T., Michael M. Toner, William D. McArdle, Ioannis
S. Vrabas, and Kent B. Pandolf. Thermal and metabolic responses to
cold-water immersion at knee, hip, and shoulder levels.
J. Appl. Physiol. 82(5):
1523-1530, 1997.
To examine the effect of cold-water immersion at
different depths on thermal and metabolic responses, eight men (25 yr
old, 16% body fat) attempted 12 tests: immersed to the knee (K), hip
(H), and shoulder (Sh) in 15 and 25°C water during both rest (R) or
leg cycling [35% peak oxygen uptake; (E)] for up to 135 min. At 15°C, rectal (Tre)
and esophageal temperatures
(Tes) between R and E were not
different in Sh and H groups (P > 0.05), whereas both in K group were higher during E than R
(P < 0.05). At 25°C,
Tre was higher
(P < 0.05) during E than R at all
depths, whereas Tes during E was
higher than during R in H and K groups.
Tre remained at control levels in
K-E at 15°C, K-E at 25°C, and in H-E groups at 25°C,
whereas Tes remained unchanged in
K-E at 15°C, in K-R at 15°C, and in all 25°C conditions (P > 0.05). During R and E, the
magnitude of Tre change was
greater (P < 0.05) than the
magnitude of Tes change in Sh and
H groups, whereas it was not different in the K group
(P > 0.05). Total heat flow was
progressive with water depth. During R at 15 and 25°C, heat
production was not increased in K and H groups from control level
(P > 0.05) but it did increase in Sh
group (P < 0.05). The increase in
heat production during E compared with R was smaller
(P < 0.05) in Sh (121 ± 7 W/m2 at 15°C and 97 ± 6 W/m2 at 25°C) than in H (156 ± 6 and 126 ± 5 W/m2,
respectively) and K groups (155 ± 4 and 165 ± 6 W/m2, respectively). These data
suggest that Tre and
Tes respond differently during
partial cold-water immersion. In addition, water levels above knee in
15°C and above hip in 25°C cause depression of internal temperatures mainly due to insufficient heat production offsetting heat
loss even during light exercise.
thermoregulation; core temperature; heat flow; heat production; rest; exercise; humans
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