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Department of Health and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina 28608
Nieman, David C. Immune response to heavy
exertion. J. Appl. Physiol. 82(5):
1385-1394, 1997.
Epidemiological data suggest that endurance
athletes are at increased risk for upper respiratory tract infection
during periods of heavy training and the 1- to 2-wk period following
race events. There is growing evidence that, for several hours
subsequent to heavy exertion, several components of both the innate
(e.g., natural killer cell activity and neutrophil oxidative burst
activity) and adaptive (e.g., T and B cell function) immune system
exhibit suppressed function. At the same time, plasma pro- and
anti-inflammatory cytokines are elevated, in particular interleukin-6-
and interleukin-1-receptor antagonist. Various mechanisms explaining
the altered immunity have been explored, including hormone-induced
trafficking of immune cells and the direct influence of stress
hormones, prostaglandin-E2, cytokines, and other factors. The immune response to heavy exertion is
transient, and further research on the mechanisms underlying the immune
response to prolonged and intensive endurance exercise is necessary
before meaningful clinical applications can be drawn. Some attempts
have been made through chemical or nutritional means (e.g.,
indomethacin, glutamine, vitamin C, and carbohydrate supplementation) to attenuate immune changes following intensive exercise.
cytokines; lymphocytes; neutrophils; infection; running
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