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J Appl Physiol 81: 2436-2444, 1996;
8750-7587/96 $5.00
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Journal of Applied Physiology
Vol. 81, No. 6, pp. 2436-2444, December 1996
EXERCISE AND MUSCLE

Functional role and structure of the scalene: an accessory inspiratory muscle in hamster

Mario Fournier and Michael I. Lewis

Division of Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, The Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Burns & Allen Research Institute, University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90048

Received 18 September 1995; accepted in final form 6 August 1996.

Fournier, Mario, and Michael I. Lewis. Functional role and structure of the scalene: an accessory inspiratory muscle in hamster. J. Appl. Physiol. 81(6): 2436-2444, 1996.---Although the scalene muscle (Sca) is a primary inspiratory muscle in humans, its respiratory function in other species is less clear. The electromyographic (EMG) activity of the Sca was studied during resting ventilation (eupnea) in both the awake and anesthetized hamster and after a variety of respiratory challenges in the anesthetized animal. The EMG activities of the medial Sca and the costal diaphragm were compared. The medial Sca, the major component of the Sca, originates from cervical transverse processes 2 to 5 and inserts primarily onto rib 4, with a small segment onto rib 3. In both the anesthetized and awake animal, the Sca was always silent during quiet breathing. With CO2-stimulated hyperpnea, the Sca was always recruited during inspiration in phase with the diaphragm. Active recruitment of the Sca was also observed after resistive loading and total airway occlusion. After ipsilateral phrenicotomy, the Sca was persistently recruited during eupnea. The specificity of the EMG signals was tested both by excluding cross contamination from other rib cage muscles and by selective denervation studies. Muscle spindles were identified in the medial Sca histochemically, suggesting that the respiratory activity of the Sca can also be modulated by changes in muscle length and/or load. These results indicate that the Sca functions as an accessory inspiratory muscle in the hamster and may play an important role in conditions of chronic load.

electromyographic activity; respiratory muscles; neck muscles; muscle spindles

0161-7567/96 $5.00 Copyright © 1996 the American Physiological Society




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