| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|||||||||
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195-5254
Enoka, Roger M. Eccentric contractions require unique
activation strategies by the nervous system. J. Appl.
Physiol. 81(6): 2339-2346, 1996.
Eccentric
contractions occur when activated muscles are forcibly lengthened. This
mode of muscle function occurs frequently in the activities of daily
living and in athletic competition. This review examines the
experimental evidence that provides the foundation for our current
understanding of the benefits, consequences, and control of eccentric
contractions. Over the past several decades, numerous studies have
established that eccentric contractions can maximize the force exerted
and the work performed by muscle; that they are associated with a
greater mechanical efficiency; that they can attenuate the mechanical
effects of impact forces; and that they enhance the tissue damage
associated with exercise. More recent evidence adds a new feature to
this repertoire by suggesting a new hypothesis: that the neural
commands controlling eccentric contractions are unique. Examination of this hypothesis is critical because the existence of such a control scheme would increase substantially the complexity of the strategies that the nervous system must use to control movement.
muscle work; exercise; movement control
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  M. Gruber, V. Linnamo, V. Strojnik, T. Rantalainen, and J. Avela Excitability at the Motoneuron Pool and Motor Cortex Is Specifically Modulated in Lengthening Compared to Isometric Contractions J Neurophysiol, April 1, 2009; 101(4): 2030 - 2040. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. D. Black, C. P. Elder, A. Gorgey, and G. A. Dudley High specific torque is related to lengthening contraction-induced skeletal muscle injury J Appl Physiol, March 1, 2008; 104(3): 639 - 647. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. M. Gabaldon, F. E. Nelson, and T. J. Roberts Relative shortening velocity in locomotor muscles: turkey ankle extensors operate at low V/Vmax Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, January 1, 2008; 294(1): R200 - R210. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. P. Dufour, S. Doutreleau, E. Lonsdorfer-Wolf, E. Lampert, C. Hirth, F. Piquard, J. Lonsdorfer, B. Geny, B. Mettauer, and R. Richard Deciphering the metabolic and mechanical contributions to the exercise-induced circulatory response: insights from eccentric cycling Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, April 1, 2007; 292(4): R1641 - R1648. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Chaler, Z. Dvir, U. Diaz, S. Quintana, A. Abril, C. Unyo, and R. Garreta Identification of feigned maximal shoulder external rotation effort Clinical Rehabilitation, March 1, 2007; 21(3): 241 - 247. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. T. Petersen, J. E. Butler, M. G. Carpenter, and A. G. Cresswell Ia-afferent input to motoneurons during shortening and lengthening muscle contractions in humans J Appl Physiol, January 1, 2007; 102(1): 144 - 148. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B. Pasquet, A. Carpentier, and J. Duchateau Specific modulation of motor unit discharge for a similar change in fascicle length during shortening and lengthening contractions in humans J. Physiol., December 1, 2006; 577(2): 753 - 765. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Duclay and A. Martin Evoked H-Reflex and V-Wave Responses During Maximal Isometric, Concentric, and Eccentric Muscle Contraction J Neurophysiol, November 1, 2005; 94(5): 3555 - 3562. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. G Martin, F. E Marino, J. Rattey, D. Kay, and J. Cannon Reduced voluntary activation of human skeletal muscle during shortening and lengthening contractions in whole body hyperthermia Exp Physiol, March 1, 2005; 90(2): 225 - 236. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A St Clair Gibson and T D Noakes Evidence for complex system integration and dynamic neural regulation of skeletal muscle recruitment during exercise in humans Br. J. Sports Med., December 1, 2004; 38(6): 797 - 806. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. G. M. Beltman, A. J. Sargeant, W. van Mechelen, and A. de Haan Voluntary activation level and muscle fiber recruitment of human quadriceps during lengthening contractions J Appl Physiol, August 1, 2004; 97(2): 619 - 626. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B. K. Barry and R. G. Carson The Consequences of Resistance Training for Movement Control in Older Adults J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., July 1, 2004; 59(7): M730 - M754. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. KJAeR Role of Extracellular Matrix in Adaptation of Tendon and Skeletal Muscle to Mechanical Loading Physiol Rev, April 1, 2004; 84(2): 649 - 698. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. M. Holmback, M. M. Porter, D. Downham, J. L. Andersen, and J. Lexell Structure and function of the ankle dorsiflexor muscles in young and moderately active men and women J Appl Physiol, December 1, 2003; 95(6): 2416 - 2424. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Hortobagyi The Positives of Negatives: Clinical Implications of Eccentric Resistance Exercise in Old Adults J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., May 1, 2003; 58(5): M417 - 418. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. A. Christou and L. G. Carlton Age and contraction type influence motor output variability in rapid discrete tasks J Appl Physiol, August 1, 2002; 93(2): 489 - 498. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. L. Tracy and R. M. Enoka Older adults are less steady during submaximal isometric contractions with the knee extensor muscles J Appl Physiol, March 1, 2002; 92(3): 1004 - 1012. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Perrey, A. Betik, R. Candau, J. D. Rouillon, and R. L. Hughson Comparison of oxygen uptake kinetics during concentric and eccentric cycle exercise J Appl Physiol, November 1, 2001; 91(5): 2135 - 2142. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Fang, V. Siemionow, V. Sahgal, F. Xiong, and G. H. Yue Greater Movement-Related Cortical Potential During Human Eccentric Versus Concentric Muscle Contractions J Neurophysiol, October 1, 2001; 86(4): 1764 - 1772. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. A. McGibbon and D. E. Krebs Age-Related Changes in Lower Trunk Coordination and Energy Transfer During Gait J Neurophysiol, May 1, 2001; 85(5): 1923 - 1931. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Aagaard, E. B. Simonsen, J. L. Andersen, S. P. Magnusson, J. Halkjar-Kristensen, and P. Dyhre-Poulsen Neural inhibition during maximal eccentric and concentric quadriceps contraction: effects of resistance training J Appl Physiol, December 1, 2000; 89(6): 2249 - 2257. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. DeVita and T. Hortobagyi Age Increases the Skeletal Versus Muscular Component of Lower Extremity Stiffness During Stepping Down J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., December 1, 2000; 55(12): 593B - 600. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. A. Homonko and E. Theriault Downhill running preferentially increases CGRP in fast glycolytic muscle fibers J Appl Physiol, November 1, 2000; 89(5): 1928 - 1936. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. J. Overend, T. H. Versteegh, E. Thompson, T. B. Birmingham, and A. A. Vandervoort Cardiovascular Stress Associated With Concentric and Eccentric Isokinetic Exercise in Young and Older Adults J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., April 1, 2000; 55(4): 177B - 182. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. S. Lindle, E. J. Metter, N. A. Lynch, J. L. Fleg, J. L. Fozard, J. Tobin, T. A. Roy, and B. F. Hurley Age and gender comparisons of muscle strength in 654 women and men aged 20-93 yr J Appl Physiol, November 1, 1997; 83(5): 1581 - 1587. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Takarada, H. Iwamoto, H. Sugi, Y. Hirano, and N. Ishii Stretch-induced enhancement of mechanical work production in frog single fibers and human muscle J Appl Physiol, November 1, 1997; 83(5): 1741 - 1748. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Takarada, Y. Hirano, Y. Ishige, and N. Ishii Stretch-induced enhancement of mechanical power output in human multijoint exercise with countermovement J Appl Physiol, November 1, 1997; 83(5): 1749 - 1755. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
| Visit Other APS Journals Online |
