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Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1; and Departments of Kinesiology, Cardiorespiratory Medicine, and Pathology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5, Canada
Received 19 March 1996; accepted in final form 16 July 1996.
Phillips, S. M., H. J. Green, M. A. Tarnopolsky, G. J. F. Heigenhauser, R. E. Hill, and S. M. Grant. Effects of training duration on substrate turnover and oxidation during exercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 81(5):
2182-2191, 1996.
Adaptations in fat and carbohydrate metabolism
after a prolonged endurance training program were examined using stable
isotope tracers of glucose
([6,6-2H2]glucose),
glycerol
([2H5]glycerol),
and palmitate
([2H2]palmitate).
Active, but untrained, males exercised on a cycle for 2 h/day
[60% pretraining peak O2
consumption (
O2 peak) = 44.3 ± 2.4 ml · kg
1 · min1]
for a total of 31 days. Three cycle tests (90 min at 60% pretraining O2 peak) were
administered before training (PRE) and after 5 (5D) and 31 (31D) days
of training. Exercise increased the rate of glucose production
(Ra) and utilization
(Rd) as well as the rate of
lipolysis (glycerol Ra) and free
fatty acid turnover (FFA Ra/Rd).
At 5D, training induced a 10% (P < 0.05) increase in total fat oxidation because of an increase in
intramuscular triglyceride oxidation (+63%,
P < 0.05) and a decreased glycogen
oxidation (
16%, P < 0.05).
At 31D, total fat oxidation during exercise increased a further 58%
(P < 0.01). The pattern of fat
utilization during exercise at 31D showed a reduced reliance on plasma
FFA oxidation (FFA Rd) and a
greater dependence on oxidation of intramuscular triglyceride, which
increased more than twofold (P < 0.001). In addition, glucose Ra
and Rd were reduced at all time
points during exercise at 31D compared with PRE and 5D. We conclude
that long-term training induces a progressive increase in fat
utilization mediated by a greater oxidation of fats from intramuscular
sources and a reduction in glucose oxidation. Initial changes are
present as early as 5D and occur before increases in muscle maximal
mitochondrial enzyme activity [S. M. Phillips, H. J. Green, M. A. Tarnopolsky, G. J. F. Heigenhauser, and S. M. Grant.
Am. J. Physiol. 270 (Endocrinol. Metab. 33):
E265-E272, 1996].
isotope; glucose; glycerol; palmitate oxidation
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