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United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030-2600
Received 1 August 1995; accepted in final form 6 May 1996.
Moon, Jon K., and Nancy F. Butte. Combined heart rate
and activity improve estimates of oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide
production rates. J. Appl. Physiol.
81(4): 1754-1761, 1996.
Oxygen consumption
(
O2) and
carbon dioxide production (CO2) rates were measured
by electronically recording heart rate (HR) and physical activity (PA).
Mean daily O2 and
CO2 measurements by HR and
PA were validated in adults (n = 10 women and 10 men) with room calorimeters. Thirteen linear and nonlinear functions of HR alone and HR combined with PA were tested as models of
24-h O2 and
CO2. Mean sleep
O2 and
CO2 were similar to basal
metabolic rates and were accurately estimated from HR alone
[respective mean errors were 
0.2 ± 0.8 (SD) and
0.4 ± 0.6%]. The range of prediction errors
for 24-h O2 and
CO2 was smallest
for a model that used PA to assign HR for each minute to separate
active and inactive curves
(O2, 3.3 ± 3.5%; CO2, 4.6 ± 3%). There were no significant correlations between
O2 or
CO2 errors and subject age,
weight, fat mass, ratio of daily to basal energy expenditure rate, or
fitness. O2,
CO2, and energy expenditure
recorded for 3 free-living days were 5.6 ± 0.9 ml · min
1 · kg1,
4.7 ± 0.8 ml ·
min1 · kg1,
and 7.8 ± 1.6 kJ/min, respectively. Combined HR and PA measured 24-h O2 and
CO2 with a precision
similar to alternative methods.
energy expenditure; human; respiration calorimetry; electronic monitor; physical activity; 24-hour free-living measurement
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