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O2
on blood flow dynamics at onset of forearm exercise
Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1; and Faculty of Kinesiology and Department of Physiology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
Received 24 January 1996; accepted in final form 21 May 1996.
Hughson, R. L., J. K. Shoemaker, M. E. Tschakovsky, and J. M. Kowalchuk. Dependence muscle of
O2
on blood flow dynamics at the onset of forearm exercise.
J. Appl. Physiol. 81(4):
1619-1626, 1996.
The hypothesis that the rate of increase in
muscle O2 uptake (O2 mus)
at the onset of exercise is influenced by muscle blood flow was tested
during forearm exercise with the arm either above or below heart level
to modify perfusion pressure. Ten young men exercised at a power of
~2.2 W, and five of these subjects also worked at 1.4 W. Blood flow
to the forearm was calculated from the product of blood velocity and
cross-sectional area obtained with Doppler techniques. Venous blood was
sampled from a deep forearm vein to determine
O2 extraction. The rate of
increase in
O2 mus
and blood flow was assessed from the mean response time (MRT), which is
the time to achieve ~63% increase from baseline to steady state. In
the arm below heart position during the 2.2-W exercise, blood flow and
O2 mus
both increased, with a MRT of ~30 s. With the arm above the heart at
this power, the MRTs for blood flow [79.8 ± 15.7 (SE)
s] and
O2 mus
(50.2 ± 4.0 s) were both significantly slower. Consistent with
these findings were the greater increases in venous plasma lactate
concentration over resting values in the above heart position (2.8 ± 0.4 mmol/l) than in the below heart position (0.9 ± 0.2 mmol/l). At the lower power, both blood flow and
O2 mus
also increased more rapidly with the arm below compared with above the
heart. These data support the hypothesis that changes in blood flow at
the onset of exercise have a direct effect on oxidative metabolism
through alterations in O2
transport.
oxygen uptake; handgrip exercise; Doppler velocimetry; echo Doppler; human
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