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Department of Physical Education, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois 60115-2854
Received 26 February 1996; accepted in final form 15 February 1996.
Kelley, George. Mechanical overload and skeletal muscle
fiber hyperplasia: a meta-analysis. J. Appl.
Physiol. 81(4): 1584-1588, 1996.
With use of the
meta-analytic approach, the purpose of this study was to examine the
effects of mechanical overload on skeletal muscle fiber number in
animals. A total of 17 studies yielding 37 data points and 360 subjects
met the initial inclusion criteria:
1) "basic" research studies
published in journals, 2) animals
(no humans) as subjects, 3) control
group included, 4) some type of
mechanical overload (stretch, exercise, or compensatory hypertrophy)
used to induce changes in muscle fiber number, and 5) sufficient data to accurately
calculate percent changes in muscle fiber number. Across all designs
and categories, statistically significant increases were found for
muscle fiber number [15.00 ± 19.60% (SD), 95% confidence
interval = 8.65-21.53], muscle fiber area (31.60 ± 44.30%, 95% confidence interval = 16.83-46.37), and muscle mass
(90.50 ± 86.50%, 95% confidence interval = 61.59-119.34). When partitioned according to the fiber-counting technique, larger increases in muscle fiber number were found by using the histological vs. nitric acid digestion method (histological = 20.70%, nitric acid
digestion = 11.10%; P = 0.14).
Increases in fiber number partitioned according to species were
greatest among those groups that used an avian vs. mammalian model
(avian = 20.95%, mammalian = 7.97%;
P = 0.07). Stretch overload yielded
larger increases in muscle fiber number than did exercise and
compensatory hypertrophy (stretch = 20.95%, exercise = 11.59%,
compensatory hypertrophy = 5.44%; P = 0.06). No significant differences between changes in fiber number were
found when data were partitioned according to type of control
(intra-animal = 15.20%, between animal = 13.90%; P = 0.82) or fiber arrangement of
muscle (parallel = 15.80%, pennate = 11.60%;
P = 0.61). The results of this study
suggest that in several animal species certain forms of mechanical
overload increase muscle fiber number.
muscle mass; enlargement; hypertrophy
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