Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol 74, Issue 5 2478-2484, Copyright © 1993 by American Physiological Society

ARTICLES

Strength training increases regional bone mineral density and bone remodeling in middle-aged and older men

A. Menkes, S. Mazel, R. A. Redmond, K. Koffler, C. R. Libanati, C. M. Gundberg, T. M. Zizic, J. M. Hagberg, R. E. Pratley and B. F. Hurley
University of Maryland, Department of Kinesiology, College Park 20742.

To determine the effects of strength training (ST) on bone mineral density (BMD) and bone remodeling, 18 previously inactive untrained males [mean age 59 +/- 2 (SE) yr] were studied before and after 16 wk of either ST (n = 11) or no exercise (inactive controls; n = 7). Total, spinal (L2-L4), and femoral neck BMD were measured in nine training and seven control subjects before and after the experimental period. Serum concentrations of osteocalcin, skeletal alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme, and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase were measured before, during, and after the experimental program in all subjects. Training increased muscular strength by an average of 45 +/- 3% (P < 0.001) on a three-repetition maximum test and by 32 +/- 4% (P < 0.001) on an isokinetic test of the knee extensors performed at 60 degrees/s. BMD increased in the femoral neck by 3.8 +/- 1.0% (0.900 +/- 0.05 vs. 0.933 +/- 0.05 g/cm2, P < 0.05) and in the lumbar spine by 2.0 +/- 0.9% (1.180 +/- 0.06 vs. 1.203 +/- 0.06 g/cm2, P < 0.05). However, changes in lumbar spine BMD were not significantly different from those in the control group. There was no significant change in total body BMD. Osteocalcin increased by 19 +/- 6% after 12 wk of training (P < 0.05) and remained significantly elevated after 16 wk of training (P < 0.05). There was a 26 +/- 11% increase in skeletal alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme levels (P < 0.05) after 16 wk of training.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

This article has been cited by other articles:

				S. B. Going and M. Laudermilk Osteoporosis and Strength Training American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, July 1, 2009; 3(4): 310 - 319. [Abstract] [PDF]

				D. S. Bocalini, A. J. Serra, L. dos Santos, N. Murad, and R. F. Levy Strength Training Preserves the Bone Mineral Density of Postmenopausal Women Without Hormone Replacement Therapy J Aging Health, June 1, 2009; 21(3): 519 - 527. [Abstract] [PDF]

				K. M Rabon-Stith, J. M Hagberg, D. A Phares, M. C Kostek, M. J Delmonico, S. M Roth, R. E Ferrell, J. M Conway, A. S Ryan, and B. F Hurley Vitamin D receptor FokI genotype influences bone mineral density response to strength training, but not aerobic training Exp Physiol, July 1, 2005; 90(4): 653 - 661. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. C. Shackelford, A. D. LeBlanc, T. B. Driscoll, H. J. Evans, N. J. Rianon, S. M. Smith, E. Spector, D. L. Feeback, and D. Lai Resistance exercise as a countermeasure to disuse-induced bone loss J Appl Physiol, July 1, 2004; 97(1): 119 - 129. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. Ehrnborg, K. H. W. Lange, R. Dall, J. S. Christiansen, P.-A. Lundberg, R. C. Baxter, M. A. Boroujerdi, B.-A. Bengtsson, M.-L. Healey, C. Pentecost, et al. The Growth Hormone/Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I Axis Hormones and Bone Markers in Elite Athletes in Response to a Maximum Exercise Test J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., January 1, 2003; 88(1): 394 - 401. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R N Carpinelli Berger in retrospect: effect of varied weight training programmes on strength Br. J. Sports Med., October 1, 2002; 36(5): 319 - 324. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. A. F. Singh Exercise Comes of Age: Rationale and Recommendations for a Geriatric Exercise Prescription J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., May 1, 2002; 57(5): M262 - 282. [Full Text]

				D. M. Cullen, R. T. Smith, and M. P. Akhter Bone-loading response varies with strain magnitude and cycle number J Appl Physiol, November 1, 2001; 91(5): 1971 - 1976. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Vuillemin, F. Guillemin, P. Jouanny, G. Denis, and C. Jeandel Differential Influence of Physical Activity on Lumbar Spine and Femoral Neck Bone Mineral Density in the Elderly Population J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., June 1, 2001; 56(6): B248 - B253. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				F. M. Ivey, S. M. Roth, R. E. Ferrell, B. L. Tracy, J. T. Lemmer, D. E. Hurlbut, G. F. Martel, E. L. Siegel, J. L. Fozard, E. J. Metter, et al. Effects of Age, Gender, and Myostatin Genotype on the Hypertrophic Response to Heavy Resistance Strength Training J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., November 1, 2000; 55(11): 641M - 648. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				Y. Takarada, H. Takazawa, Y. Sato, S. Takebayashi, Y. Tanaka, and N. Ishii Effects of resistance exercise combined with moderate vascular occlusion on muscular function in humans J Appl Physiol, June 1, 2000; 88(6): 2097 - 2106. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. A. Kelley, K. S. Kelley, and Z. V. Tran Exercise and bone mineral density in men: a meta-analysis J Appl Physiol, May 1, 2000; 88(5): 1730 - 1736. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				O. Tajima, N. Ashizawa, T. Ishii, H. Amagai, T. Mashimo, L. J. Liu, S. Saitoh, K. Tokuyama, and M. Suzuki Interaction of the effects between vitamin D receptor polymorphism and exercise training on bone metabolism J Appl Physiol, April 1, 2000; 88(4): 1271 - 1276. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. D. Wallace, R. C. Cuneo, P. A. Lundberg, T. Rosén, J. O. L. Jørgensen, S. Longobardi, N. Keay, L. Sacca, J. S. Christiansen, B.-A. Bengtsson, et al. Responses of Markers of Bone and Collagen Turnover to Exercise, Growth Hormone (GH) Administration, and GH Withdrawal in Trained Adult Males J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., January 1, 2000; 85(1): 124 - 133. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				M. M. Moran, R. R. Roy, C. E. Wade, B. J. Corbin, and R. E. Grindeland Size constraints of telemeters in rats J Appl Physiol, October 1, 1998; 85(4): 1564 - 1571. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J C Y Cheng, S S S F Leung, W T K Lee, J T F Lau, N Maffulli, A Y K Cheung, and K M Chan Determinants of axial and peripheral bone mass in Chinese adolescents Arch. Dis. Child., June 1, 1998; 78(6): 524 - 530. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				K. C. Westerlind, J. D. Fluckey, S. E. Gordon, W. J. Kraemer, P. A. Farrell, and R. T. Turner Effect of resistance exercise training on cortical and cancellous bone in mature male rats J Appl Physiol, February 1, 1998; 84(2): 459 - 464. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. A. Rubin, J. P. Miller, A. S. Ryan, M. S. Treuth, K. Y. Patterson, R. E. Pratley, B. F. Hurley, C. Veillon, P. B. Moser-Veillon, and R. A. Anderson Acute and Chronic Resistive Exercise Increase Urinary Chromium Excretion in Men as Measured with an Enriched Chromium Stable Isotope J. Nutr., January 1, 1998; 128(1): 73 - 78. [Abstract] [Full Text]