Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol 68, Issue 1 275-281, Copyright © 1990 by American Physiological Society

ARTICLES

Solute concentrations of the pulmonary epithelial lining fluid of anesthetized rats

R. M. Effros, N. H. Feng, G. Mason, K. Sietsema, P. Silverman and J. Hukkanen
Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee County Medical Center 53226.

Uncertainty persists concerning the best method of estimating the volume and solute concentrations of the pulmonary epithelial lining fluid (ELF) recovered during bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). In the present study, measurements were made of the BAL-to-plasma concentration ratios of a variety of solutes in an anesthetized rat model. One minute after an intravenous injection of labeled Na+ and urea, 5 ml of isotonic mannitol, saline, or glucose were injected into the trachea and an initial aliquot of the BAL was immediately removed. Initial BAL-to-plasma concentration ratios of urea, Na+, Cl-, Ca2+, and total protein were similar (ranging from 0.013 to 0.017) after BAL with mannitol, but albumin and transferrin ratios were approximately 60% lower and K+ ratios were five times greater. Lavage with saline yielded BAL-to-plasma urea concentration ratios similar to those obtained with mannitol lavage. The BAL-to-plasma specific activity of urea was about twice that of Na+, indicating that urea diffused into the ELF more rapidly than Na+ during the 70 s that elapsed between the time the radioactive urea and Na+ were injected into the circulation and the time when lavage was complete. Subsequent lavage samples also indicated that urea rapidly diffuses into the fluid-filled lungs. These experiments suggest that isotonic mannitol may be a useful solution for lavage, because it allows use of Na+ and perhaps Cl- as additional indicators of ELF dilution by BAL.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

This article has been cited by other articles:

				S. Matalon and S. I. Rennard Thrombin Increases Lung Water by Decreasing Na,K-ATPase Activity Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., October 1, 2005; 33(4): 317 - 318. [Full Text] [PDF]

				I. Vadasz, R. E. Morty, A. Olschewski, M. Konigshoff, M. G. Kohstall, H. A. Ghofrani, F. Grimminger, and W. Seeger Thrombin Impairs Alveolar Fluid Clearance by Promoting Endocytosis of Na+,K+-ATPase Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., October 1, 2005; 33(4): 343 - 354. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. M. Effros, M. B. Dunning III, J. Biller, and R. Shaker The promise and perils of exhaled breath condensates Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, December 1, 2004; 287(6): L1073 - L1080. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Bayat, K. Louchahi, B. Verdiere, D. Anglade, A. Rahoui, P-M. Sorin, M. Tod, O. Petitjean, F. Fraisse, and F.A. Grimbert Comparison of 99mTc-DTPA and urea for measuring cefepime concentrations in epithelial lining fluid Eur. Respir. J., July 1, 2004; 24(1): 150 - 156. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. M. Effros, J. Biller, B. Foss, K. Hoagland, M. B. Dunning, D. Castillo, M. Bosbous, F. Sun, and R. Shaker A Simple Method for Estimating Respiratory Solute Dilution in Exhaled Breath Condensates Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., December 15, 2003; 168(12): 1500 - 1505. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Y. Lee, P. J. Maniak, D. H. Ingbar, and S. M. O'Grady Adult alveolar epithelial cells express multiple subtypes of voltage-gated K+ channels that are located in apical membrane Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, June 1, 2003; 284(6): C1614 - C1624. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. M. O'Grady and S. Y. Lee Chloride and potassium channel function in alveolar epithelial cells Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, May 1, 2003; 284(5): L689 - L700. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. E. Oberley and J. M. Snyder Recombinant human SP-A1 and SP-A2 proteins have different carbohydrate-binding characteristics Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, May 1, 2003; 284(5): L871 - L881. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. W. Hyde ""I Don't Know What You Guys Are Measuring But You Sure Are Measuring It!"" . A Fair Criticism of Measurements of Exhaled Condensates? Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., March 1, 2002; 165(5): 561 - 562. [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. M. EFFROS, K. W. HOAGLAND, M. BOSBOUS, D. CASTILLO, B. FOSS, M. DUNNING, M. GARE, W. LIN, and F. SUN Dilution of Respiratory Solutes in Exhaled Condensates Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., March 1, 2002; 165(5): 663 - 669. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. A. Ghofrani, M. G. Kohstall, N. Weissmann, T. Schmehl, R. T. Schermuly, W. Seeger, and F. Grimminger Alveolar epithelial barrier functions in ventilated perfused rabbit lungs Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, May 1, 2001; 280(5): L896 - L904. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. Negrini, A. Passi, K. Bertin, F. Bosi, and H. Wiig Isolation of pulmonary interstitial fluid in rabbits by a modified wick technique Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, May 1, 2001; 280(5): L1057 - L1065. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. A. DARGAVILLE, M. SOUTH, P. VERVAART, and P. N. MCDOUGALL Validity of Markers of Dilution in Small Volume Lung Lavage Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., September 1, 1999; 160(3): 778 - 784. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				S. BAYAT, A. MENAOUAR, D. ANGLADE, H. ETTINGER, A. FRANCOIS-JOUBERT, G. BENCHETRIT, and F. A. GRIMBERT In Vivo Quantitation of Epithelial Lining Fluid in Dog Lung Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., December 1, 1998; 158(6): 1715 - 1723. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. M. Effros, C. Darin, E. R. Jacobs, R. A. Rogers, G. Krenz, and E. E. Schneeberger Water transport and the distribution of aquaporin-1 in pulmonary air spaces J Appl Physiol, September 1, 1997; 83(3): 1002 - 1016. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]