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J Appl Physiol 68: 1-12, 1990;
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Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol 68, Issue 1 1-12, Copyright © 1990 by American Physiological Society


ARTICLES

Atrophy of the soleus muscle by hindlimb unweighting

D. B. Thomason and F. W. Booth
Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical School, Houston 77225.

The unweighting model is a unique whole animal model that will permit the future delineation of the mechanism(s) by which gravity maintains contractile mass in postural (slow-twitch) skeletal muscle. Since the origination of the model of rodent hindlimb unweighting almost one decade ago, about half of the 59 refereed articles in which this model was utilized have been published in the Journal of Applied Physiology. Thus the purpose of this review is to provide, for those researchers with an interest in the hindlimb unweighting model, a summation of the data derived from this model to data and hopefully to stimulate research interest in aspects of the model for which data are lacking. The stress response of the animal to hindlimb unweighting is transient, minimal in magnitude, and somewhat variable. After 1 wk of unweighting, the animal exhibits no chronic signs of stress. The atrophy of the soleus muscle, a predominantly slow-twitch muscle, is emphasized because unweighting preferentially affects it compared with other calf muscles, which are mainly fast-twitch muscles. The review considers the following information about the unweighted soleus muscle: electromyogram activity, amount and type of protein lost, capillarization, oxidative capacity, glycolytic enzyme activities, fiber cross section, contractile properties, glucose uptake, sensitivity to insulin, protein synthesis and degradation rates, glucocorticoid receptor numbers, responses of specific mRNAs, and changes in metabolite concentrations.


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Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol.Home page
J. A. Moffitt, C. M. Heesch, and E. M. Hasser
Increased GABAA inhibition of the RVLM after hindlimb unloading in rats
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, September 1, 2002; 283(3): R604 - R614.
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J. Appl. Physiol.Home page
T. Toursel, L. Stevens, H. Granzier, and Y. Mounier
Passive tension of rat skeletal soleus muscle fibers: effects of unloading conditions
J Appl Physiol, April 1, 2002; 92(4): 1465 - 1472.
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J. Appl. Physiol.Home page
C. L. Heaps and D. K. Bowles
Nonuniform changes in arteriolar myogenic tone within skeletal muscle following hindlimb unweighting
J Appl Physiol, March 1, 2002; 92(3): 1145 - 1151.
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J. Appl. Physiol.Home page
J. S. Tash, D. C. Johnson, and G. C. Enders
Long-term (6-wk) hindlimb suspension inhibits spermatogenesis in adult male rats
J Appl Physiol, March 1, 2002; 92(3): 1191 - 1198.
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J. Appl. Physiol.Home page
D. S. Kern, J. G. Semmler, and R. M. Enoka
Long-term activity in upper- and lower-limb muscles of humans
J Appl Physiol, November 1, 2001; 91(5): 2224 - 2232.
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Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol.Home page
P. O. Mitchell and G. K. Pavlath
A muscle precursor cell-dependent pathway contributes to muscle growth after atrophy
Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, November 1, 2001; 281(5): C1706 - C1715.
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J. Appl. Physiol.Home page
P. Kischel, L. Stevens, V. Montel, F. Picquet, and Y. Mounier
Plasticity of monkey triceps muscle fibers in microgravity conditions
J Appl Physiol, May 1, 2001; 90(5): 1825 - 1832.
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J. Appl. Physiol.Home page
P. Kischel, B. Bastide, L. Stevens, and Y. Mounier
Expression and functional behavior of troponin C in soleus muscle fibers of rat after hindlimb unloading
J Appl Physiol, March 1, 2001; 90(3): 1095 - 1101.
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J. Appl. Physiol.Home page
D. Pette
Plasticity in Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth Muscle: Historical Perspectives: Plasticity of mammalian skeletal muscle
J Appl Physiol, March 1, 2001; 90(3): 1119 - 1124.
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Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol.Home page
R. Willmann, J. Kusch, K. R. Sultan, A. G. Schneider, and D. Pette
Muscle LIM protein is upregulated in fast skeletal muscle during transition toward slower phenotypes
Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, February 1, 2001; 280(2): C273 - C279.
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Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol.Home page
A. Chopard, F. Pons, and J.-F. Marini
Cytoskeletal protein contents before and after hindlimb suspension in a fast and slow rat skeletal muscle
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, February 1, 2001; 280(2): R323 - R330.
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J. Exp. Biol.Home page
S. Blanc, A. Geloen, S. Normand, C. Gharib, and L. Somody
Simulated weightlessness alters the nycthemeral distribution of energy expenditure in rats
J. Exp. Biol., January 12, 2001; 204(23): 4107 - 4113.
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J. Appl. Physiol.Home page
D. Lambertz, C. Perot, R. Kaspranski, and F. Goubel
Effects of long-term spaceflight on mechanical properties of muscles in humans
J Appl Physiol, January 1, 2001; 90(1): 179 - 188.
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J. Appl. Physiol.Home page
L. De-Doncker, F. Picquet, and M. Falempin
Effects of cutaneous receptor stimulation on muscular atrophy developed in hindlimb unloading condition
J Appl Physiol, December 1, 2000; 89(6): 2344 - 2351.
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Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol.Home page
P. G. De Deyne
Formation of sarcomeres in developing myotubes: role of mechanical stretch and contractile activation
Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, December 1, 2000; 279(6): C1801 - C1811.
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Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol.Home page
L. Stevens, C. Firinga, B. Gohlsch, B. Bastide, Y. Mounier, and D. Pette
Effects of unweighting and clenbuterol on myosin light and heavy chains in fast and slow muscles of rat
Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, November 1, 2000; 279(5): C1558 - C1563.
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J. Appl. Physiol.Home page
K. D. Chen and S. E. Alway
A physiological level of clenbuterol does not prevent atrophy or loss of force in skeletal muscle of old rats
J Appl Physiol, August 1, 2000; 89(2): 606 - 612.
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Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol.Home page
C. Ricart-Firinga, L. Stevens, M.-H. Canu, T. L. Nemirovskaya, and Y. Mounier
Effects of beta 2-agonist clenbuterol on biochemical and contractile properties of unloaded soleus fibers of rat
Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, March 1, 2000; 278(3): C582 - C588.
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J. Appl. Physiol.Home page
H. Naito, S. K. Powers, H. A. Demirel, T. Sugiura, S. L. Dodd, and J. Aoki
Heat stress attenuates skeletal muscle atrophy in hindlimb-unweighted rats
J Appl Physiol, January 1, 2000; 88(1): 359 - 363.
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Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol.Home page
L. Stevens, K. R. Sultan, H. Peuker, B. Gohlsch, Y. Mounier, and D. Pette
Time-dependent changes in myosin heavy chain mRNA and protein isoforms in unloaded soleus muscle of rat
Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, December 1, 1999; 277(6): C1044 - C1049.
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Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol.Home page
J. A. Moffitt, J. C. Schadt, and E. M. Hasser
Altered central nervous system processing of baroreceptor input following hindlimb unloading in rats
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, December 1, 1999; 277(6): H2272 - H2279.
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J. Appl. Physiol.Home page
Y. Ohira, T. Yoshinaga, M. Ohara, I. Nonaka, T. Yoshioka, K. Yamashita-Goto, B. S. Shenkman, I. B. Kozlovskaya, R. R. Roy, and V. R. Edgerton
Myonuclear domain and myosin phenotype in human soleus after bed rest with or without loading
J Appl Physiol, November 1, 1999; 87(5): 1776 - 1785.
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Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol.Home page
E. E. Dupont-Versteegden, R. J. L. Murphy, J. D. Houle, C. M. Gurley, and C. A. Peterson
Activated satellite cells fail to restore myonuclear number in spinal cord transected and exercised rats
Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, September 1, 1999; 277(3): C589 - C597.
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Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol.Home page
C. J. Carlson, F. W. Booth, and S. E. Gordon
Skeletal muscle myostatin mRNA expression is fiber-type specific and increases during hindlimb unloading
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, August 1, 1999; 277(2): R601 - R606.
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J. Appl. Physiol.Home page
M. Falempin and S. F. In-Albon
Influence of brief daily tendon vibration on rat soleus muscle in non-weight-bearing situation
J Appl Physiol, July 1, 1999; 87(1): 3 - 9.
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Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
T. P. Stein, M. J. Leskiw, M. D. Schluter, M. R. Donaldson, and I. Larina
Protein kinetics during and after long-duration spaceflight on MIR
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, June 1, 1999; 276(6): E1014 - E1021.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Appl. Physiol.Home page
A. Saitoh, T. Okumoto, H. Nakano, M. Wada, and S. Katsuta
Age effect on expression of myosin heavy and light chain isoforms in suspended rat soleus muscle
J Appl Physiol, May 1, 1999; 86(5): 1483 - 1489.
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J. Appl. Physiol.Home page
M. D. Delp
Myogenic and vasoconstrictor responsiveness of skeletal muscle arterioles is diminished by hindlimb unloading
J Appl Physiol, April 1, 1999; 86(4): 1178 - 1184.
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J. Appl. Physiol.Home page
J. L. Andersen, T. Gruschy-Knudsen, C. Sandri, L. Larsson, and S. Schiaffino
Bed rest increases the amount of mismatched fibers in human skeletal muscle
J Appl Physiol, February 1, 1999; 86(2): 455 - 460.
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Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol.Home page
N. Cros, J. Muller, S. Bouju, G. Pietu, C. Jacquet, J. J. Leger, J.-F. Marini, and C. A. Dechesne
Upregulation of M-creatine kinase and glyceraldehyde3-phosphate dehydrogenase: two markers of muscle disuse
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, February 1, 1999; 276(2): R308 - R316.
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