Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol 68, Issue 1 1-12, Copyright © 1990 by American Physiological Society

ARTICLES

Atrophy of the soleus muscle by hindlimb unweighting

D. B. Thomason and F. W. Booth
Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical School, Houston 77225.

The unweighting model is a unique whole animal model that will permit the future delineation of the mechanism(s) by which gravity maintains contractile mass in postural (slow-twitch) skeletal muscle. Since the origination of the model of rodent hindlimb unweighting almost one decade ago, about half of the 59 refereed articles in which this model was utilized have been published in the Journal of Applied Physiology. Thus the purpose of this review is to provide, for those researchers with an interest in the hindlimb unweighting model, a summation of the data derived from this model to data and hopefully to stimulate research interest in aspects of the model for which data are lacking. The stress response of the animal to hindlimb unweighting is transient, minimal in magnitude, and somewhat variable. After 1 wk of unweighting, the animal exhibits no chronic signs of stress. The atrophy of the soleus muscle, a predominantly slow-twitch muscle, is emphasized because unweighting preferentially affects it compared with other calf muscles, which are mainly fast-twitch muscles. The review considers the following information about the unweighted soleus muscle: electromyogram activity, amount and type of protein lost, capillarization, oxidative capacity, glycolytic enzyme activities, fiber cross section, contractile properties, glucose uptake, sensitivity to insulin, protein synthesis and degradation rates, glucocorticoid receptor numbers, responses of specific mRNAs, and changes in metabolite concentrations.

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				L. Stevens, K. R. Sultan, H. Peuker, B. Gohlsch, Y. Mounier, and D. Pette Time-dependent changes in myosin heavy chain mRNA and protein isoforms in unloaded soleus muscle of rat Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, December 1, 1999; 277(6): C1044 - C1049. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. A. Moffitt, J. C. Schadt, and E. M. Hasser Altered central nervous system processing of baroreceptor input following hindlimb unloading in rats Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, December 1, 1999; 277(6): H2272 - H2279. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y. Ohira, T. Yoshinaga, M. Ohara, I. Nonaka, T. Yoshioka, K. Yamashita-Goto, B. S. Shenkman, I. B. Kozlovskaya, R. R. Roy, and V. R. Edgerton Myonuclear domain and myosin phenotype in human soleus after bed rest with or without loading J Appl Physiol, November 1, 1999; 87(5): 1776 - 1785. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. E. Dupont-Versteegden, R. J. L. Murphy, J. D. Houle, C. M. Gurley, and C. A. Peterson Activated satellite cells fail to restore myonuclear number in spinal cord transected and exercised rats Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, September 1, 1999; 277(3): C589 - C597. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. J. Carlson, F. W. Booth, and S. E. Gordon Skeletal muscle myostatin mRNA expression is fiber-type specific and increases during hindlimb unloading Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, August 1, 1999; 277(2): R601 - R606. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Falempin and S. F. In-Albon Influence of brief daily tendon vibration on rat soleus muscle in non-weight-bearing situation J Appl Physiol, July 1, 1999; 87(1): 3 - 9. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. P. Stein, M. J. Leskiw, M. D. Schluter, M. R. Donaldson, and I. Larina Protein kinetics during and after long-duration spaceflight on MIR Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, June 1, 1999; 276(6): E1014 - E1021. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Saitoh, T. Okumoto, H. Nakano, M. Wada, and S. Katsuta Age effect on expression of myosin heavy and light chain isoforms in suspended rat soleus muscle J Appl Physiol, May 1, 1999; 86(5): 1483 - 1489. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. D. Delp Myogenic and vasoconstrictor responsiveness of skeletal muscle arterioles is diminished by hindlimb unloading J Appl Physiol, April 1, 1999; 86(4): 1178 - 1184. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. L. Andersen, T. Gruschy-Knudsen, C. Sandri, L. Larsson, and S. Schiaffino Bed rest increases the amount of mismatched fibers in human skeletal muscle J Appl Physiol, February 1, 1999; 86(2): 455 - 460. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. Cros, J. Muller, S. Bouju, G. Pietu, C. Jacquet, J. J. Leger, J.-F. Marini, and C. A. Dechesne Upregulation of M-creatine kinase and glyceraldehyde3-phosphate dehydrogenase: two markers of muscle disuse Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, February 1, 1999; 276(2): R308 - R316. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]