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J Appl Physiol 60: 532-538, 1986;
8750-7587/86 $5.00
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Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol 60, Issue 2 532-538, Copyright © 1986 by American Physiological Society

ARTICLES

Estimation of volume of epithelial lining fluid recovered by lavage using urea as marker of dilution

S. I. Rennard, G. Basset, D. Lecossier, K. M. O'Donnell, P. Pinkston, P. G. Martin and R. G. Crystal

Bronchoalveolar lavage is a powerful technique for sampling the epithelial lining fluid (ELF) of the lower respiratory tract but also results in a significant dilution of that fluid. To quantify the apparent volume of ELF obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage, urea was used as an endogenous marker of ELF dilution. Since urea diffuses readily through the body, plasma and in situ ELF urea concentrations are identical; thus ELF volume can be calculated using simple dilution principles. Using this approach, we determined that with a standard lavage procedure, the volume of ELF recovered from a normal human is 1.0 +/- 0.1 ml/100 ml of recovered lavage fluid. Time course experiments in which the saline used for lavage was permitted to remain in the lower respiratory tract for various "dwell times" suggested that diffusion of urea from sources other than recovered ELF can contribute to the total urea recovered resulting in an overestimate of the volume of ELF recovered. Thus, while reasonably accurate, the volume of ELF determined by urea must be considered an overestimate, or "apparent" volume. The ELF albumin concentration based on the apparent ELF volume was 3.7 +/- 0.3 mg/ml, a value that is in good agreement with direct measurements made by other techniques in experimental animals. The density of all inflammatory and immune effector cells on the epithelial surface of the lower respiratory tract, based on the apparent ELF volume, was 21,000 +/- 3,000 cells/microliter, a value that is twofold greater than that in blood.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)


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T. Ganz
Antimicrobial polypeptides
J. Leukoc. Biol., January 1, 2004; 75(1): 34 - 38.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Immunol.Home page
J. N. Francis, M. R. Jacobson, C. M. Lloyd, I. Sabroe, S. R. Durham, and S. J. Till
CXCR1+CD4+ T Cells in Human Allergic Disease
J. Immunol., January 1, 2004; 172(1): 268 - 273.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.Home page
J. G. Laffey, D. Honan, N. Hopkins, J.-M. Hyvelin, J. F. Boylan, and P. McLoughlin
Hypercapnic Acidosis Attenuates Endotoxin-induced Acute Lung Injury
Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., January 1, 2004; 169(1): 46 - 56.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.Home page
K. Yamazaki, S. Ogura, A. Ishizaka, T. Oh-hara, and M. Nishimura
Bronchoscopic Microsampling Method for Measuring Drug Concentration in Epithelial Lining Fluid
Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., December 1, 2003; 168(11): 1304 - 1307.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Bio.Home page
T. D. Starner, C. K. Barker, H. P. Jia, Y. Kang, and P. B. McCray Jr.
CCL20 Is an Inducible Product of Human Airway Epithelia with Innate Immune Properties
Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., November 1, 2003; 29(5): 627 - 633.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

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 J Antimicrob ChemotherHome page
M. H. Gotfried, L. H. Danziger, and K. A. Rodvold
Steady-state plasma and bronchopulmonary characteristics of clarithromycin extended-release tablets in normal healthy adult subjects
J. Antimicrob. Chemother., September 1, 2003; 52(3): 450 - 456.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 ChestHome page
K. L. Wood, P. Chaiyarit, R. B. Day, Y. Wang, C. T. Schnizlein-Bick, R. L. Gregory, and H. L. Twigg III
Measurements of HIV Viral Loads From Different Levels of the Respiratory Tract
Chest, August 1, 2003; 124(2): 536 - 542.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Eur Respir JHome page
C. Neurohr, A-G. Lenz, I. Ding, H. Leuchte, T. Kolbe, and J. Behr
Glutamate-cysteine ligase modulatory subunit in BAL alveolar macrophages of healthy smokers
Eur. Respir. J., July 1, 2003; 22(1): 82 - 87.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 LupusHome page
F J Wiedermann, W Lederer, A J Mayr, N Sepp, M Herold, and W Schobersberger
Prospective observational study of antiphospholipid antibodies in acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome: comparison with catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome
Lupus, June 1, 2003; 12(6): 462 - 467.
[Abstract] [PDF]

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 J. Immunol.Home page
M. Triggiani, F. Granata, B. Balestrieri, A. Petraroli, G. Scalia, L. Del Vecchio, and G. Marone
Secretory Phospholipases A2 Activate Selective Functions in Human Eosinophils
J. Immunol., March 15, 2003; 170(6): 3279 - 3288.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.Home page
R. L. Gibson, J. Emerson, S. McNamara, J. L. Burns, M. Rosenfeld, A. Yunker, N. Hamblett, F. Accurso, M. Dovey, P. Hiatt, et al.
Significant Microbiological Effect of Inhaled Tobramycin in Young Children with Cystic Fibrosis
Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., March 15, 2003; 167(6): 841 - 849.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Infect. Immun.Home page
L. O'Bryan, P. Pinkston, V. Kumaraswami, V. Vijayan, G. Yenokida, H. F. Rosenberg, R. Crystal, E. A. Ottesen, and T. B. Nutman
Localized Eosinophil Degranulation Mediates Disease in Tropical Pulmonary Eosinophilia
Infect. Immun., March 1, 2003; 71(3): 1337 - 1342.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J Antimicrob ChemotherHome page
H. M. Ziglam, D. R. Baldwin, I. Daniels, J. M. Andrews, and R. G. Finch
Rifampicin concentrations in bronchial mucosa, epithelial lining fluid, alveolar macrophages and serum following a single 600 mg oral dose in patients undergoing fibre-optic bronchoscopy
J. Antimicrob. Chemother., December 1, 2002; 50(6): 1011 - 1015.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 BloodHome page
R. J. Coakley, C. Taggart, N. G. McElvaney, and S. J. O'Neill
Cytosolic pH and the inflammatory microenvironment modulate cell death in human neutrophils after phagocytosis
Blood, October 16, 2002; 100(9): 3383 - 3391.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol.Home page
J. C. Jean, Y. Liu, L. A. Brown, R. E. Marc, E. Klings, and M. Joyce-Brady
gamma -Glutamyl transferase deficiency results in lung oxidant stress in normoxia
Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, October 1, 2002; 283(4): L766 - L776.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Bio.Home page
T. Kohyama, T. A. Wyatt, X. Liu, F.-Q. Wen, T. Kobayashi, Q. Fang, H. J. Kim, and S. I. Rennard
PGD2 Modulates Fibroblast-Mediated Native Collagen Gel Contraction
Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., September 1, 2002; 27(3): 375 - 381.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.Home page
J. E. Conte Jr., J. A. Golden, M. McQuitty, J. Kipps, S. Duncan, E. McKenna, and E. Zurlinden
Effects of Gender, AIDS, and Acetylator Status on Intrapulmonary Concentrations of Isoniazid
Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., August 1, 2002; 46(8): 2358 - 2364.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.Home page
P. E. Cogo, L. J. I. Zimmermann, F. Rosso, F. Tormena, P. Gamba, G. Verlato, A. Baritussio, and V. P. Carnielli
Surfactant Synthesis and Kinetics in Infants with Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia
Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., July 15, 2002; 166(2): 154 - 158.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 ChestHome page
J. K. Stoller, F. Rouhani, M. Brantly, S. Shahin, R. A. Dweik, J. M. Stocks, J. Clausen, E. Campbell, and F. Norton
Biochemical Efficacy and Safety of a New Pooled Human Plasma {alpha}1-Antitrypsin, Respitin*
Chest, July 1, 2002; 122(1): 66 - 74.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.Home page
J. E. Conte Jr., J. A. Golden, J. Kipps, and E. Zurlinden
Intrapulmonary Pharmacokinetics of Linezolid
Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., May 1, 2002; 46(5): 1475 - 1480.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Hum Mol GenetHome page
D. Oceandy, B. J. McMorran, S. N. Smith, R. Schreiber, K. Kunzelmann, E. W.F.W. Alton, D. A. Hume, and B. J. Wainwright
Gene complementation of airway epithelium in the cystic fibrosis mouse is necessary and sufficient to correct the pathogen clearance and inflammatory abnormalities
Hum. Mol. Genet., May 1, 2002; 11(9): 1059 - 1067.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.Home page
E. Miyazaki, S.-i. Nureki, T. Fukami, T. Shigenaga, M. Ando, K. Ito, H. Ando, K. Sugisaki, T. Kumamoto, and T. Tsuda
Elevated Levels of Thymus- and Activation-regulated Chemokine in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid from Patients with Eosinophilic Pneumonia
Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., April 15, 2002; 165(8): 1125 - 1131.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.Home page
J.-I. Kadota, Y. Ishimatsu, T. Iwashita, Y. Matsubara, K. Tomono, M. Tateno, R. Ishihara, C. Muller-Serieys, and S. Kohno
Intrapulmonary Pharmacokinetics of Telithromycin, a New Ketolide, in Healthy Japanese Volunteers
Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., March 1, 2002; 46(3): 917 - 921.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Bio.Home page
Y. Ouadrhiri, C. Pilette, R. C. Monteiro, J.-P. Vaerman, and Y. Sibille
Effect of IgA on Respiratory Burst and Cytokine Release by Human Alveolar Macrophages . Role of ERK1/2 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases and NF-kappa B
Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., March 1, 2002; 26(3): 315 - 332.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 ChestHome page
J.-B. Stern, O. Bernard, C. Paugam, C. Silve, J. Mantz, M. Aubier, and B. Crestani
Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein in Epithelial Lining Fluid in Humans Negatively Correlates With the Severity of Lung Injury
Chest, March 1, 2002; 121(3): 852 - 857.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
S. Murakami, D. Iwaki, H. Mitsuzawa, H. Sano, H. Takahashi, D. R. Voelker, T. Akino, and Y. Kuroki
Surfactant Protein A Inhibits Peptidoglycan-induced Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha Secretion in U937 Cells and Alveolar Macrophages by Direct Interaction with Toll-like Receptor 2
J. Biol. Chem., February 22, 2002; 277(9): 6830 - 6837.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Immunol.Home page
J. Soltys, T. Bonfield, J. Chmiel, and M. Berger
Functional IL-10 Deficiency in the Lung of Cystic Fibrosis (cftr-/-) and IL-10 Knockout Mice Causes Increased Expression and Function of B7 Costimulatory Molecules on Alveolar Macrophages
J. Immunol., February 15, 2002; 168(4): 1903 - 1910.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol.Home page
S. Jaffre, M. Dehoux, C. Paugam, A. Grenier, S. Chollet-Martin, J.-B. Stern, J. Mantz, M. Aubier, and B. Crestani
Hepatocyte growth factor is produced by blood and alveolar neutrophils in acute respiratory failure
Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, February 1, 2002; 282(2): L310 - L315.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.Home page
J. E. Conte Jr., J. A. Golden, J. Kipps, E. T. Lin, and E. Zurlinden
Effects of AIDS and Gender on Steady-State Plasma and Intrapulmonary Ethambutol Concentrations
Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., October 1, 2001; 45(10): 2891 - 2896.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

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 J. Appl. Physiol.Home page
P. Berger, D.-W. Perng, H. Thabrew, S. J. Compton, J. A Cairns, A. R. McEuen, R. Marthan, J.-M. Tunon De Lara, and A. F. Walls
Tryptase and agonists of PAR-2 induce the proliferation of human airway smooth muscle cells
J Appl Physiol, September 1, 2001; 91(3): 1372 - 1379.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol.Home page
B. J. McMorran, J. S. Palmer, D. P. Lunn, D. Oceandy, E. O. Costelloe, G. R. Thomas, D. A. Hume, and B. J. Wainwright
G551D CF mice display an abnormal host response and have impaired clearance of Pseudomonas lung disease
Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, September 1, 2001; 281(3): L740 - L747.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Bio.Home page
R. Harper, K. Wu, M. M. J. Chang, K. Yoneda, R. Pan, S. P.-M Reddy, and R. Wu
Activation of Nuclear Factor-kappa B Transcriptional Activity in Airway Epithelial Cells by Thioredoxin but Not by N-Acetyl-Cysteine and Glutathione
Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., August 1, 2001; 25(2): 178 - 185.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J Antimicrob ChemotherHome page
D. Honeybourne, D. Banerjee, J. Andrews, and R. Wise
Concentrations of gatifloxacin in plasma and pulmonary compartments following a single 400 mg oral dose in patients undergoing fibre-optic bronchoscopy
J. Antimicrob. Chemother., July 1, 2001; 48(1): 63 - 66.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Eur Respir JHome page
B. Maitre, S. Boussat, D. Jean, M. Gouge, L. Brochard, B. Housset, S. Adnot, and C. Delclaux
Vascular endothelial growth factor synthesis in the acute phase of experimental and clinical lung injury
Eur. Respir. J., July 1, 2001; 18(1): 100 - 106.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.Home page
C. M. LILLY, H. NAKAMURA, O. I. BELOSTOTSKY, K. J. HALEY, E. A. GARCIA-ZEPEDA, A. D. LUSTER, and E. ISRAEL
Eotaxin Expression after Segmental Allergen Challenge in Subjects with Atopic Asthma
Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., June 1, 2001; 163(7): 1669 - 1675.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Vet PatholHome page
C. Malazdrewich, T. R. Ames, M. S. Abrahamsen, and S. K. Maheswaran
Pulmonary Expression of Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha, Interleukin-1 Beta, and Interleukin-8 in the Acute Phase of Bovine Pneumonic Pasteurellosis
Vet. Pathol., May 1, 2001; 38(3): 297 - 310.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 ChestHome page
K. H. Mohamed, A. A. M. T. Mobasher, A.-R. I. Yousef, A. Salah, I. Z. El-Naggar, A. H. A. Ghoneim, and R. W. Light
BAL Neopterin : A Novel Marker for Cell-Mediated Immunity in Patients With Pulmonary Tuberculosis and Lung Cancer
Chest, March 1, 2001; 119(3): 776 - 780.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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