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J Appl Physiol 11: 290-302, 1957;
8750-7587/57 $5.00
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Relative Importance of Diffusion and Chemical Reaction Rates in Determining Rate of Exchange of Gases in the Human Lung, With Special Reference to True Diffusing Capacity of Pulmonary Membrane and Volume of Blood in the Lung Capillaries

F. J. W. Roughton 1 and R. E. Forster 1

1 From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and the Department of Colloid Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England

An equation, i/Dm + i/thetaVc = i/Dl, has been derived which relates the measured pulmonary diffusing capacity (Dl), the true diffusing capacity of the pulmonary membrane (Dm), the rate of uptake of CO by the red cells per mm Hg CO tension (theta) and the blood volume of the pulmonary capillary bed (Vc). By making measurements of Dl at different alveolar O2 tensions, thereby causing theta to vary, this equation can be solved graphically for Dm and Vc, which are assumed to be independent of O2 tension. Calculations of Dm and Vc were made utilizing a) values of theta previously obtained from the in vitro rates of CO uptake of suspensions of human red cells at 37°C and b) values of Dl in normal resting subjects at alveolar O2 tensions from about 100 mm Hg to over 600 mm Hg measured by both steady state and breath holding CO techniques. Dm is about twice the value of Dl measured in subjects breathing air at sea level. Vc is about 75 ml in approximate agreement with the previously reported estimate of Roughton. Similar results were obtained using values of Dl at different alveolar O2 tensions reported in the literature. This means that, in determining the rate of CO absorption in the lungs, the resistance of the red cell to the uptake of CO is of the same order of importance as the resistance of the pulmonary membrane to the diffusion of gas across it. Arguments are advanced to show that red cell resistance is of at least equal importance in the case of O2 uptake.

Submitted on February 15, 1957




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Theta values for C16O18O and C18O2 related to respective pulmonary diffusing capacities
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, May 1, 1998; 274(5): R1496 - R1499.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Appl. Physiol.Home page
H. Heller, G. Fuchs, and K.-D. Schuster
Pulmonary diffusing capacities for oxygen-labeled CO2 and nitric oxide in rabbits
J Appl Physiol, February 1, 1998; 84(2): 606 - 611.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Appl. Physiol.Home page
C. C. W. Hsia, C. J. C. Chuong, and R. L. Johnson Jr.
Red cell distortion and conceptual basis of diffusing capacity estimates: finite element analysis
J Appl Physiol, October 1, 1997; 83(4): 1397 - 1404.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Appl. Physiol.Home page
A. S. Popel
Invited Editorial on "A finite-element model of oxygen diffusion in the pulmonary capillaries"
J Appl Physiol, June 1, 1997; 82(6): 1717 - 1718.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Appl. Physiol.Home page
A. O. Frank, C. J. C. Chuong, and R. L. Johnson
A finite-element model of oxygen diffusion in the pulmonary capillaries
J Appl Physiol, June 1, 1997; 82(6): 2036 - 2044.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Appl. Physiol.Home page
G. P. Topulos, N. R. Lipsky, J. L. Lehr, R. A. Rogers, and J. P. Butler
Fractional changes in lung capillary blood volume and oxygen saturation during the cardiac cycle in rabbits
J Appl Physiol, May 1, 1997; 82(5): 1668 - 1676.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 CirculationHome page
S. Puri, B. L. Baker, D. P. Dutka, C. M. Oakley, J. M. B. Hughes, and J. G. F. Cleland
Reduced Alveolar–Capillary Membrane Diffusing Capacity in Chronic Heart Failure : Its Pathophysiological Relevance and Relationship to Exercise Performance
Circulation, June 1, 1995; 91(11): 2769 - 2774.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

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 Arch Intern MedHome page
P. A. Bromberg
Pulmonary Aspects of Sickle Cell Disease
Arch Intern Med, April 1, 1974; 133(4): 652 - 657.
[Abstract] [PDF]

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 Arch Intern MedHome page
J. C. ROSS, R. FRAYSER, and J. B. HICKAM
A STUDY OF THE MECHANISM BY WHICH EXERCISE INCREASES THE PULMONARY DIFFUSING CAPACITY FOR CARBON MONOXIDE
Arch Intern Med, April 1, 1971; 127(4): 671 - 687.
[Abstract] [PDF]

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 Arch Pediatr Adolesc MedHome page
S. T. J. GIAMMONA and W. J. DALY
Pulmonary Diffusing Capacity in Normal Children, Ages 4 to 13: The Effect of Body Position and Exercise on Pulmonary Diffusing Capacity, Lung Volumes, and Ventilatory Tests
Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, August 1, 1965; 110(2): 144 - 151.
[Abstract] [PDF]

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 ScienceHome page
S. M. Ayres, S. Giannelli Jr., and R. G. Armstrong
Carboxyhemoglobin: Hemodynamic and Respiratory Responses to Small Concentrations
Science, July 9, 1965; 149(3680): 193 - 194.
[Abstract] [PDF]

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 ANN INTERN MEDHome page
J. G. WEG, R. A. KRUMHOLZ, and L. E. HACKLEROAD
Unilateral Hyperlucent Lung: A Physiologic Syndrome
Ann Intern Med, April 1, 1965; 62(4): 675 - 684.
[Abstract] [PDF]

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 ANN INTERN MEDHome page
R. A. KRUMHOLZ, R. B. CHEVALIER, and J. C. ROSS
Cardiopulmonary Function in Young Smokers: A Comparison of Pulmonary Function Measurements and Some Cardiopulmonary Responses to Exercise Between a Group of Young Smokers and a Comparable Group of Nonsmokers
Ann Intern Med, April 1, 1964; 60(4): 603 - 610.
[Abstract] [PDF]

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 ANGIOLOGYHome page
N. C. Staub
Microcirculation of the Lung Utilizing Very Rapid Freezing
Angiology, October 1, 1961; 12(10): 469 - 472.
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 ANN INTERN MEDHome page
J. K. FINLAYSON, M. N. LURIA, C. A. STANFIELD, and P. N. YU
HEMODYNAMIC STUDIES IN ACUTE PULMONARY EDEMA
Ann Intern Med, February 1, 1961; 54(2): 244 - 252.
[Abstract] [PDF]


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