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J Appl Physiol 108: 172-180, 2010. First published October 22, 2009; doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00821.2009
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Involvement of matrix metalloproteinases in the growth plate response to physiological mechanical load

Adi Reich, Stav Simsa Maziel, Ziv Ashkenazi, and Efrat Monsonego Ornan

Institute of Biochemistry and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, the Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel

Submitted 29 July 2009 ; accepted in final form 20 October 2009

Enzymes from the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family play a crucial role in growth-plate vascularization and ossification via proteolytic cleavage and remodeling of the extracellular matrix. Their regulation in the growth plate is crucial for normal matrix assembly. Endochondral ossification, which takes place at the growth plates, is influenced by mechanical loading. Using an in vivo avian model for mechanical loading, we have found increased blood penetration into the growth plates of loaded chicks. The purpose of this work was to study the involvement of MMP-2, -3, -9, -13, and -16 in the growth plate's response to loading and in the catch-up growth resulting from load release. We found that mechanical loading, as well as release from load, upregulated MMP-2, -9, and -13 expressions. In contrast, MMP-3, associated with cartilage injuries, and its associated protein connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), were downregulated by the load. However, after release from load, MMP-3 was upregulated and CTGF levels were elevated and caught up with the control. MMP-3 and CTGF were also downregulated after 60 min of mechanical stretching in vitro. These results demonstrate the central role of MMPs in the growth plate's response to mechanical loading, as well as in the catch-up growth followed load release.

connective tissue growth factor; chondrocyte; extracellular matrix; matrix metalloproteinase


Address for reprint requests and other correspondence: E. Monsonego Ornan, Institute of Biochemistry and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew Univ., P.O. Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel (e-mail: ornanme{at}agri.huji.ac.il).






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