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The Physiology and Pathophysiology of the Hyperbaric and Diving Environments

Effects of head and body cooling on hemodynamics during immersed prone exercise at 1 ATA

Center for Hyperbaric Medicine and Environmental Physiology, and Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina

Submitted 15 September 2008 ; accepted in final form 16 November 2008

Immersion pulmonary edema (IPE) is a condition with sudden onset in divers and swimmers suspected to be due to pulmonary arterial or venous hypertension induced by exercise in cold water, although it does occur even with adequate thermal protection. We tested the hypothesis that cold head immersion could facilitate IPE via a reflex rise in pulmonary vascular pressure due solely to cooling of the head. Ten volunteers were instrumented with ECG and radial and pulmonary artery catheters and studied at 1 atm absolute (ATA) during dry and immersed rest and exercise in thermoneutral (29–31°C) and cold (18–20°C) water. A head tent varied the temperature of the water surrounding the head independently of the trunk and limbs. Heart rate, Fick cardiac output (CO), mean arterial pressure (MAP), mean pulmonary artery pressure (MPAP), pulmonary artery wedge pressure (PAWP), and central venous pressure (CVP) were measured. MPAP, PAWP, and CO were significantly higher in cold pool water (P 0.004). Resting MPAP and PAWP values (means ± SD) were 20 ± 2.9/13 ± 3.9 (cold body/cold head), 21 ± 3.1/14 ± 5.2 (cold/warm), 14 ± 1.5/10 ± 2.2 (warm/warm), and 15 ± 1.6/10 ± 2.6 mmHg (warm/cold). Exercise values were higher; cold body immersion augmented the rise in MPAP during exercise. MAP increased during immersion, especially in cold water (P < 0.0001). Except for a transient additive effect on MAP and MPAP during rapid head cooling, cold water on the head had no effect on vascular pressures. The results support a hemodynamic cause for IPE mediated in part by cooling of the trunk and extremities. This does not support the use of increased head insulation to prevent IPE.

diving; immersion; pulmonary edema; pulmonary circulation