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Can exercise modulate the maturation of functionally different immature tendons in the horse?

¹Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Utsunomiya, Japan; and ²The Royal Veterinary College and Institute of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom

Submitted 10 April 2007 ; accepted in final form 23 November 2007

Tendons can be considered in two functional groups, those contributing to energetics of locomotion and those acting solely to position the limb. The energy-storing tendons in both human and equine athletes have a high frequency of injury with similar pathophysiology. In previous studies, high-intensity exercise appears to induce a disruption of the matrix rather than functional adaptation in adults. Here we explore the hypothesis that the introduction of controlled exercise during growth would result in an adaptive response without deleterious effects. Young horses were given a controlled exercise program similar to that previously shown to induce matrix changes in energy-storing tendons of skeletally mature animals. The tendons were assessed in relation to mechanical properties, molecular composition, and morphology. Results showed a significant increase in cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) in the positional tendon but not in the energy-storing tendon. Other matrix properties and mechanical properties were not significantly changed. While the imposition of high-strain-rate exercise in immature horses failed to augment the development of the energy-storing tendon over and above that induced by normal pasture exercise, it did not induce deleterious changes, supporting an earlier introduction of athletic training in horses.

adaptation; hypertrophy; cartilage oligomeric matrix protein; biomechanics