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INNOVATIVE METHODOLOGY

An artificial neural network model of energy expenditure using nonintegrated acceleration signals

¹Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University ²Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; and ³National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases/Clinical Endocrinology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland

Submitted 19 April 2007 ; accepted in final form 16 July 2007

Accelerometers are a promising tool for characterizing physical activity patterns in free living. The major limitation in their widespread use to date has been a lack of precision in estimating energy expenditure (EE), which may be attributed to the oversimplified time-integrated acceleration signals and subsequent use of linear regression models for EE estimation. In this study, we collected biaxial raw (32 Hz) acceleration signals at the hip to develop a relationship between acceleration and minute-to-minute EE in 102 healthy adults using EE data collected for nearly 24 h in a room calorimeter as the reference standard. From each 1 min of acceleration data, we extracted 10 signal characteristics (features) that we felt had the potential to characterize EE intensity. Using these data, we developed a feed-forward/back-propagation artificial neural network (ANN) model with one hidden layer (12 x 20 x 1 nodes). Results of the ANN were compared with estimations using the ActiGraph monitor, a uniaxial accelerometer, and the IDEEA monitor, an array of five accelerometers. After training and validation (leave-one-subject out) were completed, the ANN showed significantly reduced mean absolute errors (0.29 ± 0.10 kcal/min), mean squared errors (0.23 ± 0.14 kcal²/min²), and difference in total EE (21 ± 115 kcal/day), compared with both the IDEEA (P < 0.01) and a regression model for the ActiGraph accelerometer (P < 0.001). Thus ANN combined with raw acceleration signals is a promising approach to link body accelerations to EE. Further validation is needed to understand the performance of the model for different physical activity types under free-living conditions.

physical activity; actigraph; IDEEA monitor; accelerometer; indirect calorimeter

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