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J Appl Physiol 103: 1143-1149, 2007. First published June 14, 2007; doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00293.2007
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Progressive decrease of heart period variability entropy-based complexity during graded head-up tilt

Alberto Porta,1 Tomaso Gnecchi-Ruscone,2 Eleonora Tobaldini,3 Stefano Guzzetti,3 Raffaello Furlan,3 and Nicola Montano3

1Department of Technologies for Health, Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute, University of Milan; 2Department of Cardiology, S. L. Mandic Hospital, Merate, Lecco, Italy; and 3Department of Clinical Sciences "L. Sacco," Internal Medicine II, L. Sacco Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

Submitted 15 March 2007 ; accepted in final form 6 June 2007

Complexity (or its opposite, regularity) of heart period variability has been related to age and disease but never linked to a progressive shift of the sympathovagal balance. We compare several well established estimates of complexity of heart period variability based on entropy rates [i.e., approximate entropy (ApEn), sample entropy (SampEn), and correct conditional entropy (CCE)] during an experimental protocol known to produce a gradual shift of the sympathovagal balance toward sympathetic activation and vagal withdrawal (i.e., the graded head-up tilt test). Complexity analysis was carried out in 17 healthy subjects over short heart period variability series (~250 cardiac beats) derived from ECG recordings during head-up tilt with table inclination randomly chosen inside the set {0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90}. We found that 1) ApEn does not change significantly during the protocol; 2) all indices measuring complexity based on entropy rates, including ad hoc corrections of the bias arising from their evaluation over short data sequences (i.e., corrected ApEn, SampEn, CCE), evidence a progressive decrease of complexity as a function of the tilt table inclination, thus indicating that complexity is under control of the autonomic nervous system; 3) corrected ApEn, SampEn, and CCE provide global indices that can be helpful to monitor sympathovagal balance.

heart rate variability; autonomic nervous system; head-up tilt complexity


Address for reprint requests and other correspondence: A. Porta, Universita' degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Tecnologie per la Salute, Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Laboratorio di Modellistica di Sistemi Complessi, Via R. Galeazzi 4, 20161 Milan, Italy (e-mail: alberto.porta{at}unimi.it)




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