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A Physiological Systems Approach to Human and Mammalian Thermoregulation

Neural control and mechanisms of eccrine sweating during heat stress and exercise

¹Department of Environmental Health, Nara Women’s University, Nara, Japan; ²Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology and of Dermatology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; ³Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Presbyterian Hospital of Dallas, Dallas; and ⁴Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas

In humans, evaporative heat loss from eccrine sweat glands is critical for thermoregulation during exercise and/or exposure to hot environmental conditions, particularly when environmental temperature is greater than skin temperature. Since the time of the ancient Greeks, the significance of sweating has been recognized, whereas our understanding of the mechanisms and controllers of sweating has largely developed during the past century. This review initially focuses on the basic mechanisms of eccrine sweat secretion during heat stress and/or exercise along with a review of the primary controllers of thermoregulatory sweating (i.e., internal and skin temperatures). This is followed by a review of key nonthermal factors associated with prolonged heat stress and exercise that have been proposed to modulate the sweating response. Finally, mechanisms pertaining to the effects of heat acclimation and microgravity exposure are presented.

thermoregulation; hyperthermia; dehydration; cholinergic nerve; perspiration; sweat gland

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